809 research outputs found
The Pakistan Agricultural Research System: Present Status and Future Agenda
Alarming food supply and demand deficits are projected to the year 2020 and beyond for Pakistan, based on its current low investment/low growth agricultural sector. Evidence suggests that agricultural productivity growth and increases in production may not keep pace with past growth rates. Part of the problem is an underfunded and poorly managed agricultural research system that can not hope to contribute significantly to increasing agricultural productivity now or in the future. The World Bank-assisted Agricultural Research II Project (ARP-II) was initiated to partially overcome some of the funding problems and provide institutional development in the areas of organisation, planning, and management of the research system at both the federal and provincial levels. A National Master Agricultural Research Plan (NMARP) was one of the principal goals of the ARP-II as part of improving research planning and management. The objective of this paper is to review the reasons why the Pakistan agricultural research system needs to be revitalised, review the status and problems of the present agricultural research system, and outline a future agenda for Pakistanâs agricultural research system based on the plan developed for the NMARP.
Private Sector Investment in Agricultural Research in Pakistan
Private sector investment in agricultural research in Pakistan, although growing in importance, is limited at present and with a few exceptions, has not had a significant impact on agricultural production and productivity. The publicly funded agricultural research system has made the major contribution to increases in production and productivity growth. However the impressive gains of the past cannot be achieved with the current underfunded public research system which makes it all the more important for private sector investment in agricultural research to achieve its full potential in areas of its comparative advantage. This paper identifies the magnitude of private sector agricultural research investment in Pakistan and discusses some of the current policy constraints that hamper its scope. Information was gathered through informal and formal surveys of multinational and national firms conducting agricultural research in Pakistan in the areas of inputs and product processing. Although private sector investment in agricultural research has more than doubled in the past ten years, uncertainty persists surrounding privatisation issues, unresolved intellectual property rights regulation, and the enforcement of seed certification and truth-in-labelling rules and regulations.
Estimating the Yield Advantage of High-Yielding Wheat and Maize: The Use of Pakistani On-Farm Yield Constraints Data
This paper briefly reviews the index number approach to
estimating the contribution made by crop development research and then
discusses the use of on-farm yield constraint data to measure the
rightward shift in the supply curve. Yield constraint data on wheat and
maize from Pakistan are used as an illustration
Private Sector Investment in Agricultural Research in Pakistan
Private sector investment in agricultural research in
Pakistan, although growing in importance, is limited at present and with
a few exceptions, has not had a significant impact on agricultural
production and productivity. The publicly funded agricultural research
system has made the major contribution to increases in production and
productivity growth. However the impressive gains of the past cannot be
achieved with the current underfunded public research system which makes
it all the more important for private sector investment in agricultural
research to achieve its full potential in areas of its comparative
advantage. This paper identifies the magnitude of private sector
agricultural research investment in Pakistan and discusses some of the
current policy constraints that hamper its scope. Information was
gathered through informal and formal surveys of multinational and
national firms conducting agricultural research in Pakistan in the areas
of inputs and product processing. Although private sector investment in
agricultural research has more than doubled in the past ten years,
uncertainty persists surrounding privatisation issues, unresolved
intellectual property rights regulation, and the enforcement of seed
certification and truth-in-labelling rules and regulations
The Pakistan Agricultural Research System: Present Status and Future Agenda
Alarming food supply and demand deficits are projected to the
year 2020 and beyond for Pakistan, based on its current low
investment/low growth agricultural sector. Evidence suggests that
agricultural productivity growth and increases in production may not
keep pace with past growth rates. Part of the problem is an underfunded
and poorly managed agricultural research system that can not hope to
contribute significantly to increasing agricultural productivity now or
in the future. The World Bank-assisted Agricultural Research II Project
(ARP-II) was initiated to partially overcome some of the funding
problems and provide institutional development in the areas of
organisation, planning, and management of the research system at both
the federal and provincial levels. A National Master Agricultural
Research Plan (NMARP) was one of the principal goals of the ARP-II as
part of improving research planning and management. The objective of
this paper is to review the reasons why the Pakistan agricultural
research system needs to be revitalised, review the status and problems
of the present agricultural research system, and outline a future agenda
for Pakistanâs agricultural research system based on the plan developed
for the NMARP
Type studies and fourteen new North American species of Cortinarius section Anomali reveal high continental species diversity
Section is a species-rich group in North America belonging to , the most diverse genus in the Agaricales. This study is based on extensive morphological investigations and molecular methods using 191 nrDNA ITS sequence data and recovered 43 phylogenetic species from which 14 are described here as new to science. We sequenced ten type materials which belonged to eight species. The synonymy of with and with is proposed here. The North American occurrence of four species ( , , , and ), so far known only from Europe, was confirmed. Thirteen species were not formally described here due to lack of relevant information. An identification key to the known species in North America is provided
Structure based inhibitor design targeting glycogen phosphorylase b. Virtual screening, synthesis, biochemical and biological assessment of novel N-acyl-ÎČ-d-glucopyranosylamines
Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is a validated target for the development of new type 2 diabetes treatments. Exploiting the Zinc docking database, we report the in silico screening of 1888 ÎČ- D-glucopyranose-NH-CO-R putative GP inhibitors differing only in their R groups. CombiGlide and GOLD docking programs with different scoring functions were employed with the best performing methods combined in a âconsensus scoringâ approach to ranking of ligand binding affinities for the active site. Six selected candidates from the screening were then synthesized and their inhibitory potency was assessed both in vitro and ex vivo. Their inhibition constantsâ values, in vitro, ranged from 5 to 377 ”M while two of them were effective at causing inactivation of GP in rat hepatocytes at low ”M concentrations. The crystal structures of GP in complex with the inhibitors were defined and provided the structural basis for their inhibitory potency and data for further structure based design of more potent inhibitors
Biological hydropersulfides and related polysulfides â a new concept and perspective in redox biology
The chemical biology of thiols (RSH, e.g., cysteine and cysteineâcontaining proteins/peptides) has been a topic of extreme interest for many decades due to their reported roles in protein structure/folding, redox signaling, metal ligation, cellular protection, and enzymology. While many of the studies on thiol/sulfur biochemistry have focused on thiols, relatively ignored have been hydropersulfides (RSSH) and higher order polysulfur species (RSSnH, RSSnR, n > 1). Recent and provocative work has alluded to the prevalence and likely physiological importance of RSSH and related RSSnH. RSSH of cysteine (CysâSSH) has been found to be prevalent in mammalian systems along with CysâSSHâcontaining proteins. The RSSH functionality has not been examined to the extent of other biologically relevant sulfur derivatives (e.g., sulfenic acids, disulfides, etc.), whose roles in cell signaling are strongly indicated. The recent finding of CysâSSH biosynthesis and translational incorporation into proteins is an unequivocal indication of its fundamental importance and necessitates a more profound look into the physiology of RSSH. In this Review, we discuss the currently reported chemical biology of RSSH (and related species) as a prelude to discussing their possible physiological roles
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