A clinical study of trends of ectopic pregnancy and its management in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Ectopic gestation is a gynaecological emergency which culminates in pregnancy loss and causes significant maternal morbidity, mortality besides jeopardizing future conception. The study discusses the incidence, risk factors, symptomatology and management of ectopic pregnancy in a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: This was a prospective study of 45 cases of ectopic pregnancies at a tertiary care teaching hospital from January 2012 to December 2013. Information was collected in a structured proforma, tabulated and descriptive analysis was carried out.Results: The incidence of ectopic pregnancy was 1.17%. Majority of the patients (80%) belonged to 20-30 yrs age group. Second gravidas predominated (42.2%). Fallopian tube was the most common site (95.5%). Rudimentary horn ectopic accounted for 4.65%. Previous abdominopelvic surgery (31.1%), IUCD usage (22.2%), PID (20%), abortions (20%), tubectomy (15.5%) were the principal risk factors. 42% of the patients had no risk factor. The triad of amenorrhea, bleeding per vaginum and abdominal pain was seen in 51.1% of cases. Ultrasound, UPT, β-hCG estimation were the diagnostic tools. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy accounted for 64.4%. Nearly 95.5% of patients underwent surgery; salpingectomy (76%). Methotrexate was successful in 4.44%. There was no maternal mortality.Conclusions: Mostly diagnosis, prompt surgical or medical management is cornerstone of treatment. Primary prevention such as improved access to family planning services, sex education, treatment of STI, PID, surgical asepsis  and haemostasis, implementing legislation for dispensing MTP drugs ameliorate risk factors and hence reduce ectopic pregnancy

OCCURRENCE OF LEAF SPOT DISEASE IN HEVEA BRASILIENSIS (RUBBER TREE)

ABSTRACTObjective: To report the Occurrences of new fugal disease in the leaf of Hevea brasiliensis in the rubber estates of Kanyakumari Districts. Methods: The leaves samples were collected, washed with distilled water. The infected portions were cut into pieces with sterilized gel puncher. Theleaf pieces were placed on the standard nutrient agar plate and incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. Many small colonies appeared on the margin of the leaves.These colonies were isolated and inoculated into the nutrient broth for subculture. The subcultures were taken and streaked into a potato dextroseagar plates and incubated at 37°C for 72 hrs.The fungi from the pure colony were taken and stained with safranin solution which was subjected formicroscopic observation.Results: Based on the observation of the morphological charters, two organisms were identified in the agar culture plate. Based on the staining,conidiophore, conidiospore, and the arrangement of the spore, the organisms are identified as Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum.Conclusion: Leaf spot disease is an airborne disease, there is a possibility of becoming an epidemic disease in due course. Further work is needed tofind out antimicrobial agent which inhibit the growth of the organisms of leaf spot disease occurs in this crop. Preventive measures can be taken tocontrol the disease at the earliest possible to avoid the economic lose and enhance the environmental conditionKeywords: Rubber tree, Leaf spot disease, Secondary infection, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum

STUDIES ON SUN FLOWER OIL [Helianthus annuus Linn] FOR ITS POTENTIAL USE AS BIODIESEL

Biodiesel is gaining more and more importance as an attractive fuel due to the depleting fossil fuel resources. The Sun flower is valuable from an economic, as well as an ornamental plant. It is one of the important oil seed crop, cultivated for the production of oil in the world especially from western countries. Sun flower seed oil is a triglyceride derived from the seeds of the Sun flower. It belongs to the family Asteraceae. The oil   can be used for   cooking     and the seeds also food for birds. In this study the seeds were collected from the local market and oil was obtained   by using chemical extraction.  Sun flower oil was subjected to various physical and chemical studies such as pH, Specific gravity Density and Viscosity. The Fire points, Flashpoint, Cloud point, Pour point, Carbon residue. The chemical properties like Acid value, Iodine value, and saponification value were assessed. The Physico- Chemical Properties of the Sun flower oil biodiesel blends 10% (B10) and 20% (B20) were analyzed.  The values were compared with the ASTMT standards of biodiesel. The blend B20 is found to be within the ASTM standard and it could be used as alternative energy source as biodiesel

PHYSICO CHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOAP NUT [SAPINDUS TRIFOLIATUS] OIL FOR SOURCE AS BIODIESEL

Sapindus trifoliatus is a small tree belongs to the family Sapindaceae. Soap nut powder is a very good antibacterial and antifungal agent. It is mostly used in the cosmetic and contraceptive creams.It has a number of health benefits besides the famous benefit of keeping the hair long and healthy. It is useful in the treatment of lice's and dandruff. It is also used as detergent, bio-surfactant and remedial for organic soil pollution in the modern science. In this present study .The Physico- Chemical Properties of the Soap nut oil was analyzed by blending with conventional diesel at 10% (B10) and 20% (B20) proportions. The properties assessed in the physical parameters include, pH, Density Salinity, Viscosity, Specific gravity, Conductivity, Total dissolved oxygen and Total dissolved solid. The significant biodiesel characters like   flash point, fire point, smoke point, pour point, cloud point and carbon residue were analysed. The ultrasonic characters like ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance, relaxation time were also assessed. The chemical parameters estimated such as Acid value, Iodine value and Saponification value. The values of the parameters were compared with the ASTMT standards of biodiesel. The biodiesel blend B20 is found to be within the ASTM standard and it can serve as a potential source for biodiesel.Keywords: Soap nut, Sapindus trifoliatus, Conductivity, Ultrasonic velocity, Saponification

Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using endosymbiotic bacterium inhabiting euphorbia hirtal. And their bactericidal potential

The present investigation aims to evaluate biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using endophytic bacterium EH 419 inhabiting Euphorbia hirta L. The synthesized nanoparticles were initially confirmed with change in color from the reaction mixture to brown indicating the synthesis of nanoparticles. Further confirmation was achieved with the characteristic absorption peak at 440 nm using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were subjected to biophysical characterization using hyphenated techniques. The possible role of biomolecules in mediating the synthesis was depicted with FTIR analysis. Further crystalline nature of synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with prominent diffraction peaks at 2θ which can be indexed to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) reflections of face centered cubic structure (fcc) of metallic silver. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed morphological characteristics of synthesized silver nanoparticles to be polydisperse in nature with size ranging from 10 to 60 nm and different morphological characteristics such as spherical, oval, hexagonal, and cubic shapes. Further silver nanoparticles exhibited bactericidal activity against panel of significant pathogenic bacteria among which Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most sensitive compared to other pathogens. To the best of our knowledge, present study forms first report of bacterial endophyte inhabiting Euphorbia hirta L. in mediating synthesizing silver nanoparticle

Crude oil yield and properties of rice bran oil from different varieties as affected by extraction conditions using soxhterm method

The current study was employed to investigate the effect of solvent type, extraction time and bran ratio on the rice bran oil (RBO) properties from three varieties of rice bran namely Bario, lowland and upland rice. RBO was extracted by using soxtherm extraction method using methanol solvent at different extraction time (3, 4 and 5 h) and bran ratio (10, 20 and 30 g). Free fatty acid (FFA), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant properties were assessed. Solvent that has low polarity exhibited the attraction of polar component of oil with the highest yield by ethanol (16.16%), followed by methanol (15.38%). FFA contents occurred higher in lowland types of rice bran in all types of solvents at P<0.05 with ethanol (12.73%), methanol (11.96%) and hexane (11.13%), while the total phenolic content and antioxidant properties were influenced by the types of rice bran and solvents used for extracting components out of the bran. The highest phenolic content in the crude oil was extracted using ethanol in lowland (0.509 mg/ml), and the lowest was extracted by hexane in Bario (0.061 mg/ml). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in RBO extracted using methanol of lowland (73.74%) and RBO extracted using ethanol of upland (73.65%), while the lowest were observed in RBO extracted using hexane. The different types of solvent have the significant impact on the crude oil yield and properties of crude oil extracted

Infrared spectral studies on siddha drug - Pavalaparpam

The traditional medicine is widely used for various human ailments in which plant and animal products are largely used for the drug preparation. In the Siddha medicine, Pavalaparpam is widely used for the treatment of indigestion, acidity, hyperacidity, ulcer and piles. It is used externally for various skin diseases and pimples. Pavalaparpam is a product which is taken in this present study for the standardization by using IR spectru

Conversion of isoflavone glycoside to aglycones in soy protein isolate (SPI) using crude enzyme extracted from Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842

Crude enzyme extracts from B. animalis Bb12 and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 were used at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g/L to hydrolyse glycitin (isoflavone glycosides) to its biologically active form (isoflavone aglycones; IA) in soymilk (SM) prepared from soy protein isolate (SPI) supplemented with 2.0% (w/v) of D-glucose. Enumeration of microbial populations, measurement of pH and quantification of isoflavones was carried out at 0 h, 6 h and 12 h of fermentation. The quantification of isoflavone compounds in SM was carried out using HPLC. The biotransformation of glycitin was higher at the enzyme level of 1.0 g/L from B. animalis Bb12 at 12 h than that at 0.5 g/L or 0.1 g/L, and the level of biotransformation was 74.4%, while 75.23% of glycitin was biotransformed with the enzyme extracted from L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 at the same level of enzyme. The decrease in pH by B. animalis Bb12 was lowest with 1.0 g/L and highest with the control (4.69). Similarly, the decrease in pH by L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 was lowest with 1.0 g/L (5.19) and highest with the control (5.86). The final viable population of the B. animalis Bb12 ranged from 5.94 to 7.49 log CFU/mL and that of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 ranged from 4.42 to 6.70 log CFU/mL and the organisms showed the highest viable population of 6.70 log CFU/mL at 12 h with 1.0 g/L crude enzyme

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of bioactive components of three traits of Vilvam (Bael)

Vilvam is an important medicinal plant, which is used to treat many ailments of human beings in the traditional system of medicine. As one of the important conservation aspect of traditional medicinal plant, it is mostly grown in the Hindu Siva temples, where the leaves are mostly used for pooja purpose and medicinal aspects. Based on the morphological features of the leaves, three different traits of plants were identified and selected for the study. This study aimed to screen the phytochemical compound present in the three traits of Vilvam by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the phytochemical components present in the trait 1 is different from the other two traits. The trait 2 and 3 are having almost similar components. Among them, trait 3 has more number of bioactive compounds, which can be exploited for the medicinal use in the future