TRENDS AND POLICIES IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SOME OECD COUNTRIES

The tourism industry is progressively demonstrating the development of the economy. Only in 2017 global tourism flow recorded a 3.7% increase in tourism revenue, with monetary mass increasing by 4.1%, while global GDP growth was 3.5%. For the sixth consecutive year, the tourism industry has overtaken the global economy, demonstrating people’s desire to continue traveling and discover new places despite the economic and political challenges around the world. Overtourism has become a problem in 2017 and will continue to remain in 2018. But gradually there is an understanding of how to deal with it. Meanwhile, city tourist companies will work more closely with regional organizations to redirect the flow of tourists to less popular destinations. Alternative travel options will be extreme tourism, gourmet tours in the regions, ecological tours, the opening of unusual hotels in the province and so on

Contrôle optimal des équations d'évolution et ses applications

This thesis begins with a rigorous mathematical analysis of the radiative heating of a semi-transparent body made of glass, by a black radiative source surrounding it. This requires the study of the coupling between quasi-steady radiative transfer boundary value problems with nonhomogeneous reflectivity boundary conditions (one for each wavelength band in the semi-transparent electromagnetic spectrum of the glass) and a nonlinear heat conduction evolution equation with a nonlinear Robin boundary condition which takes into account those wavelengths for which the glass behaves like an opaque body. We prove existence and uniqueness of the solution, and give also uniform bounds on the solution i.e. on the absolute temperature distribution inside the body and on the radiative intensities. Now, we consider the temperature T_S of the black radiative source S surrounding the semi-transparent body Ω as the control variable. We adjust the absolute temperature distribution (x, t)→ T(x, t) inside the semi-transparent body near a desired temperature distribution T_d(·,·) during the time interval of radiative heating ]0, t_f [ by acting on T_S. In this respect, we introduce the appropriate cost functional and the set of admissible controls TS, for which we prove the existence of optimal controls. Introducing the State Space and the State Equation, a first order necessary condition for a control T_S : t→T_S(t) to be optimal is then derived in the form of a Variational Inequality by using the Implicit Function Theorem and the adjoint problem. We come now to the goal problem which is the deformation of the semi-transparent body Ω by heating it with a black radiative source surrounding it. We introduce a weak mixed formulation of this thermoviscoelasticity problem and study the existence and uniqueness of its solution, the novelty here with respect to the work of M.E. Rognes et R. Winther (M3AS, 2010) being the apparition of the viscosity in some of the coefficients of the constitutive equation, viscosity which depends on the absolute temperature T(x, t) and thus in particular on the time t. Finally, we state in this setting the related optimal control problem of the deformation of the semi-transparent body Ω, by acting on the absolute temperature of the black 5 radiative source surrounding it. We prove the existence of an optimal control and we compute the Fréchet derivative of the associated reduced cost functional.Dans cette thèse, tout d’abord , nous faisons l’Analyse Mathématique du modèle exact du chauffage radiatif d’un corps semi-transparent Ω par une source radiative noire qui l’entoure. Il s’agit donc d’étudier le couplage d’un système d’Equations de Transfert Radiatif avec condition au bord de réflectivité indépendantes avec une équation de conduction de la chaleur non linéaire avec condition limite non linéaire de type Robin. Nous prouvons l’existence et l’unicité de la solution et nous démontrons des bornes uniformes sur la solution et les intensités radiatives dans chaque bande de longueurs d’ondes pour laquelle le corps est semi-transparent, en fonction de bornes sur les données. Deuxièmement, nous considérons le problème du contrôle optimal de la température absolue à l’intérieur du corps semi-transparent Ω en agissant sur la température absolue de la source radiative noire qui l’entoure. À cet égard, nous introduisons la fonctionnelle coût appropriée et l’ensemble des contrôles admissibles T_S, pour lesquels nous prouvons l’existence de contrôles optimaux. En introduisant l’espace des états et l’équation d’état, une condition nécessaire de premier ordre pour qu’un contrôle T_S : t→T_S(t) soit optimal, est alors dérivée sous la forme d’une inéquation variationnelle en utilisant le théorème des fonctions implicites et le problème adjoint. Ensuite, nous considérons le problème de l’existence et de l’unicité d’une solution faible des équations de la thermoviscoélasticité dans une formulation mixte de type Hellinger-Reissner, la nouveauté par rapport au travail de M.E. Rognes et R. Winther (M3AS,2010) étant ici l’apparition de la viscosité dans certains coefficients de l’équation constitutive, viscosité qui dépend dans ce contexte de la température absolue T(x, t) et donc en particulier du temps t. Enfin, nous considérons dans ce cadre le problème du contrôle optimal de la déformation du corps semi-transparent Ω, en agissant sur la température absolue de la source radiative noire qui l’entoure. Nous prouvons l’existence d’un contrôle optimal et nous calculons la dérivée Fréchet de la fonctionnelle coût réduite

Optimal control of evolution equations and its applications

Dans cette thèse, tout d’abord , nous faisons l’Analyse Mathématique du modèle exact du chauffage radiatif d’un corps semi-transparent Ω par une source radiative noire qui l’entoure. Il s’agit donc d’étudier le couplage d’un système d’Equations de Transfert Radiatif avec condition au bord de réflectivité indépendantes avec une équation de conduction de la chaleur non linéaire avec condition limite non linéaire de type Robin. Nous prouvons l’existence et l’unicité de la solution et nous démontrons des bornes uniformes sur la solution et les intensités radiatives dans chaque bande de longueurs d’ondes pour laquelle le corps est semi-transparent, en fonction de bornes sur les données. Deuxièmement, nous considérons le problème du contrôle optimal de la température absolue à l’intérieur du corps semi-transparent Ω en agissant sur la température absolue de la source radiative noire qui l’entoure. À cet égard, nous introduisons la fonctionnelle coût appropriée et l’ensemble des contrôles admissibles T_S, pour lesquels nous prouvons l’existence de contrôles optimaux. En introduisant l’espace des états et l’équation d’état, une condition nécessaire de premier ordre pour qu’un contrôle T_S : t→T_S(t) soit optimal, est alors dérivée sous la forme d’une inéquation variationnelle en utilisant le théorème des fonctions implicites et le problème adjoint. Ensuite, nous considérons le problème de l’existence et de l’unicité d’une solution faible des équations de la thermoviscoélasticité dans une formulation mixte de type Hellinger-Reissner, la nouveauté par rapport au travail de M.E. Rognes et R. Winther (M3AS,2010) étant ici l’apparition de la viscosité dans certains coefficients de l’équation constitutive, viscosité qui dépend dans ce contexte de la température absolue T(x, t) et donc en particulier du temps t. Enfin, nous considérons dans ce cadre le problème du contrôle optimal de la déformation du corps semi-transparent Ω, en agissant sur la température absolue de la source radiative noire qui l’entoure. Nous prouvons l’existence d’un contrôle optimal et nous calculons la dérivée Fréchet de la fonctionnelle coût réduite.This thesis begins with a rigorous mathematical analysis of the radiative heating of a semi-transparent body made of glass, by a black radiative source surrounding it. This requires the study of the coupling between quasi-steady radiative transfer boundary value problems with nonhomogeneous reflectivity boundary conditions (one for each wavelength band in the semi-transparent electromagnetic spectrum of the glass) and a nonlinear heat conduction evolution equation with a nonlinear Robin boundary condition which takes into account those wavelengths for which the glass behaves like an opaque body. We prove existence and uniqueness of the solution, and give also uniform bounds on the solution i.e. on the absolute temperature distribution inside the body and on the radiative intensities. Now, we consider the temperature T_S of the black radiative source S surrounding the semi-transparent body Ω as the control variable. We adjust the absolute temperature distribution (x, t)→ T(x, t) inside the semi-transparent body near a desired temperature distribution T_d(·,·) during the time interval of radiative heating ]0, t_f [ by acting on T_S. In this respect, we introduce the appropriate cost functional and the set of admissible controls TS, for which we prove the existence of optimal controls. Introducing the State Space and the State Equation, a first order necessary condition for a control T_S : t→T_S(t) to be optimal is then derived in the form of a Variational Inequality by using the Implicit Function Theorem and the adjoint problem. We come now to the goal problem which is the deformation of the semi-transparent body Ω by heating it with a black radiative source surrounding it. We introduce a weak mixed formulation of this thermoviscoelasticity problem and study the existence and uniqueness of its solution, the novelty here with respect to the work of M.E. Rognes et R. Winther (M3AS, 2010) being the apparition of the viscosity in some of the coefficients of the constitutive equation, viscosity which depends on the absolute temperature T(x, t) and thus in particular on the time t. Finally, we state in this setting the related optimal control problem of the deformation of the semi-transparent body Ω, by acting on the absolute temperature of the black 5 radiative source surrounding it. We prove the existence of an optimal control and we compute the Fréchet derivative of the associated reduced cost functional

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CIGARETTE AND WATERPIPE SMOKING WITH GLYCEMIC CONTROL AMONG PATIENTS WITH T2DM ATTENDING AT THE National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics NCDEG

Objective: Smoking is one of the modifiable risk factors for multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, and diabetes. As smoking aggravates the insulin resistance already presented in T2DM, it contributes to increasing glucose in the bloodstream, thus the risk for developing diabetes complications also rises. The association between tobacco smoking and glycemic control may explain the role of smoking in increasing the risk of diabetes and its complications. The aim of this study is to measure the association between cigarette smoking and waterpipe (WP) smoking on Glycemic control. Design and Setting: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the NCDEG in Amman, Jordan. Methods: This study recruited 879 male participants. The target population consisted of all male patients diagnosed with T2DM, who had two or more regular visits to the Diabetes and Endocrinology Clinic. The sample was collected during the period from 15 November 2015 to 15 March 2016. All patients attending the center during the study period were asked to take part in the study. The study subjects were selected using a systematic random sample selection (every two patients) from the nursing room. Results: In the study sample, 65.1% of male participants did not achieve the target level of HbA1c with a mean 7.6 (SD±1.21); the age of the participants ranged between 30 and 90 years with a mean of 58 years (SD±11); the mean duration of diabetes was 9.9 (±7.2) years. In the present study, 65.1% participants did not achieve the recommended target level for glycemic control (HbA1c <7). About 43% of the participants were smokers. An overall 32.3% were cigarette smokers, 69.6% of whom were of poor glycemic control; 7.3% were water pipe smokers, 71.4% of whom had poor glycemic control, and the remaining 3.7% were dual (cigarettes and WP) smokers of whom 75% were of poor glycemic control. This study reported, on overall smoking, cigarette smoking and dual smoking were significantly associated with poor glycemic control (p-values were 0.017, 0.032) respectively, after adjustment of other confounders including duration of diabetes, age of patients 65 years old and above, drug adherence, dietary adherence and waist circumference. On the other hand, participants on waterpipe alone were less likely to have good glycemic control compared with non-smokers, although it was a positive association but not a significant one. In our study, the number of cigarettes smoked was not significant at using binary logistic regression analysis. However, the chi-square test indicated that glycemic control differed significantly between participants according to the number of cigarettes smoked.  Conclusion: Most of diabetic smokers did not achieve the target level of glycemic control. Smoking cigarettes and waterpipe smoking were found to have a significant association with poor glycemic control, after adjustment of other confounders such as duration of DM, age, drug adherence, dietary adherence and waist circumference. Keywords: Glycemic control, Diabetes, Cigarette smoking, Water pipe smoking, T2

Control of the radiative heating of a semi-transparent body

International audienceIn a preceding paper, we have studied the radiative heating of a semi-transparent body Ω (e.g., glass) by a black radiative source S surrounding it, black source at absolute uniform temperature u(t) at time t between time 0 and time tf, the final time of the radiative heating. This problem has been modeled by an appropriate coupling between quasi-steady radiative transfer boundary value problems with nonhomogeneous reflectivity boundary conditions (one for each wavelength band in the semi-transparent electromagnetic spectrum of the glass) and a nonlinear heat conduction evolution equation with a nonlinear Robin boundary condition which takes into account those wavelengths for which the glass behaves like an opaque body. In the present paper, u being considered as the control variable, we want to adjust the absolute temperature distribution (x,t)↦T(x,t) inside the semi-transparent body Ω near a desired temperature distribution Td(⋅,⋅) during the time interval of radiative heating ]0,tf[ by acting on u, the purpose being to deform Ω to manufacture a new object. In this respect, we introduce the appropriate cost functional and the set of admissible controls Uad, for which we prove the existence of optimal controls. Introducing the state space and the state equation, a first-order necessary condition for a control u:t↦u(t) to be optimal is then derived in the form of a Variational Inequality by using the implicit function theorem and the adjoint problem. We close this paper by some numerical considerations

The health-related quality of life of Syrian refugee women in their reproductive age

Background Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) for refugee women in reproductive age is highly affected by physical, political, psychosocial and environmental conditions in countries of asylum. HRQoL is enormously affected by the satisfaction of this vulnerable group with the physical, psychological, emotional and social care services provided in this critical time. Therefore, this study aimed toassess the HRQoL among Syrian refugee women of reproductive age living outside camps in Jordan. Methods A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with a convenience sample of 523 Syrian refugee women in the host communities in Jordan.Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was measured using the short-form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Results Significant negative correlations were found between SF-36 individual subscales score and the length of marriage, the number of children, parity and family income. The strongest correlations were between pain scale and length of marriage (r =  − .21), and between Energy/Fatigue and ‘number of children’ (r =  − .21). Conversely, antenatal care was positively correlated with physical, role emotional, pain, and general health. Physical functioning and general health were predicted significantly with less years of marriage, younger age at marriage, less violence and by higher family income. Conclusion This study suggests low HRQoL scores for women of reproductive age across all domains. Several factors such as years of marriage, age at marriage, the number of children, violence, antenatal care and family income affected the women’s general health. The provision of appropriate and accessible reproductive and maternal healthcare services in antenatal visits is critical for ensuring the immediate and long-term health and wellbeing of refugee women and their families