Factors influencing decision to seek health care: a qualitative study among labour-migrants’ wives in northern Tajikistan

Background: This qualitative study aimed to investigate the health seeking behaviour of rural women in northern Tajikistan, with specific focus on antenatal and obstetric complications as a result of delayed access to health services. Due to the unprecedented level of labour migration among men in the border region of Tajikistan, Isfara, the study specifically focused on migrants’ wives residing with their in-laws. Methods: Using an adapted “Three delays” model which suggests three major causes of delayed access to maternity services – decision to seek care, reaching a healthcare facility and receiving necessary care – we conducted 29 in-depth interviews with labour migrants’ wives, 16 semi-structured interviews with healthcare service providers and 2 focus-group discussions with 16 mothers-in-law in Isfara district. Results Our study demonstrated that the most crucial and conditioned factor of access to maternity services for labour migrants’ wives is a decision to seek care. While reaching a healthcare facility (geographical accessibility, time and transportation costs) and receiving necessary care (availability of services, financial affordability and perceived quality of care) were rarely reported as obstacles towards timely access to maternity services, decision to seek care was found to be an intricate interplay of several factors: traditional gender and family roles (particularly in the absence of the husband), the age of the mother-in-law, cultural beliefs and perceptions about pregnancy and maternity, and widely spread myths about certain health conditions and services. Conclusions: Our study concludes that the traditional pattern of seeking health care among women in northern Tajikistan may often cause delays in accessing necessary maternity services and result in adverse health outcomes for women. We suggest that effective strategies to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality in rural Tajikistan should, along with strengthening healthcare structures, embark on community education and awareness raising with special focus on mothers-in-law and other traditional decision-makers in households

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TERMS, WHICH MEAN THE MARK

Apparently, the term symbols occupy a special place in terminology, with a certain amount. However, they do not always receive special attention in terminology. The role of symbolic terms in the Uzbek terminological system has not been fully evaluated. There is also a need to clarify their logical and grammatical relationship with the connecting words. Differentiation of the leadership and auxiliary functions of the symbolic terms is important, first and foremost, in distinguishing between the general and the private, integral and differential features of the symbolic terms, as well as the terminosystem in general. This, in the end, plays an important role in improving lexicographic interpretations.Keywords: subject, sign, integral, differential, core, auxiliary, marginal, terminological meaning, lexicographic interpretation, logical and grammatical relation

Cytokine Estimation in Chronic Viral Hepatitis with Autoimmune Impairments

The pattern of autoimmune impairments was studied in patients with chronic viral hepatitis in association with the level of inflammatory cytokines and interferon status. Study was conducted in groups of patients with various levels of the detected autoantibodies to ssDNA. Autoantibodies to ssDNA were found in 37,7% of patients with HCV. In the group of HCV patients with autoimmune disorders, the levels of the cytokines and interferon levels were considerably higher than those in the group of patients without associated autoimmune diseasesDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v2i2.243

The Professional Culture of Science Journalist

The article discusses features of professional culture of science journalist. The author emphasizes three essential elements of culture of science journalist. There are professional self-reflection, writing skills and educational background. In this article the author examines the key issue of the science education reporter: how relevant is the need to have research experience for science journalist.В статье обсуждается проблема профессиональной культуры научного журналиста. Автор выделяет три основные элемента профессиональной культуры научного журналиста: профессиональная саморефлексия, журналистское мастерство и качественное образование. В рамках данной статьи автор рассматривает ключевой вопрос образования научно-популярного журналиста: насколько актуальна необходимость иметь опыт научной работы для научного журналиста

Ecological Analysis Indicators Of Irrigated Gray Pasture Soils

The article briefly describes the physical and geographical location of the experiment area. Analyzes of geomorphological, geological and climatic conditions of gray meadow soil formation are given. In the field experiments, standard methods were used for the determination of organic and mineral substances in the soil, and all data were analyzed statistically. The amount of nitrogen in the upper 0-25 cm layer of the soil under the winter grain was 32.51 mg/kg, and in the lower horizon it was 28.47 mg/kg. The amount of nitrogen under cotton is 30.75-26.42 mg/kg, which is probably related to the plant's nitrogen-fixing physiology. The diagnostic indicators of irrigated gray meadow soils and the conditions of ecological reclamation at the same time were analyzed. Recommendations for further use are given

Iran at the beginning of the twentieth century: S. M. A. Jamalzade’s study to the Iranian economy «Ganj-e shayagan ya ouza-e eqtesadi-ye Iran» (Berlin 1917)

Die Dissertation stellt die Übersetzung von Gamalzades umfangreicher Studie zur iranischen Volkswirtschaft «Gang-e sayagan ya ouza-e eqtesadi-ye Iran» vom Persischen ins Deutsche vor. Weiterhin beschäftigt sich die Dissertation mit der Analyse des Textes und der Identifizierung seiner zahlreichen Quellen. Der Untersuchung und der Übersetzung geht ein der Person des Autors sowie den politischen Ereignissen Irans im frühen 20. Jahrhundert gewidmeter Teil voran. Zugleich wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich Gamalzade in der Lage gesehen hat, seine Forderungen nach der Reform der persischen literarischen Standardsprache auch in einem "didaktisch"-publizistischen Text zu berücksichtigen.The dissertation represents the translation of S. M. A. Jamalzade’s study of the Iranian economy «Gang-e sayagan ya ouza-e eqtesadi-ye Iran» from Persian into German and an analysis of the text as well. Furthermore, its numerous sources have been identified, so that the text itself can serve as an important source of exploring the Iranian economy at the beginning of the 20th century by rights now. A part of the work preceding the research is dedicated to the person of the author and to the political developments in the early 20th century. Besides, the language of the text has elaborately been researched. The writing and its style demonstrate that Jamalzade has been able to use the colour of his native language not only in his well-known short stories, but even in the economic treatise

CDK4/6 Inhibitors—Overcoming Endocrine Resistance Is the Standard in Patients with Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer

Simple Summary Abemaciclib, dalpiciclib, palbociclib and ribociclib have all demonstrated significant improvements in progression-free survival in advanced disease. However, to date, abemaciclib and ribociclib are the only CDK4/6 inhibitors shown to improve the overall survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Moreover, abemaciclib is the first CDK4/6 inhibitor to also reduce the risk of recurrence in those with early-stage disease. Thus, achieving significant improvements in survival rates in the advanced and early breast cancer treatment setting, CDK4/6 inhibitors are the first substances in almost two decades to substantially change the standard of care for advanced breast cancer patients. This review is designed to discuss the recent history, current role, future directions and opportunities of this substance class. Abstract Purpose of review: Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors can be considered as some of the first targeted therapies. For the past 30 years, they were the endocrine treatment standard in the advanced and early breast cancer setting. CDK4/6 inhibitors, however, are the first substances in almost two decades to broadly improve the therapeutic landscape of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients for the upcoming years. This review is designed to discuss the recent history, current role, future directions and opportunities of this substance class. Recent findings: The CDK4/6 inhibitors abemaciclib, dalpiciclib, palbociclib and ribociclib have all demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival in advanced disease. However, to date, abemaciclib and ribociclib are the only CDK4/6 inhibitors to have shown an improvement in overall survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Moreover, abemaciclib is the first CDK4/6 inhibitor to also reduce the risk of recurrence in those with early-stage disease. Further CDK inhibitors, treatment combinations with other drugs and different therapy sequences are in development. Summary: Achieving significant improvements in survival rates in the advanced and early breast cancer treatment setting, CDK4/6 inhibitors have set a new standard of care for patients with advanced breast cancer. It remains important to better understand resistance mechanisms to be able to develop novel substances and treatment sequences

Endocrine Treatment for Breast Cancer Patients Revisited—History, Standard of Care, and Possibilities of Improvement

Simple Summary Tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and fulvestrant are the main drugs that have been used for decades in the treatment of patients with endocrine-therapy-sensitive breast cancer. Due to the findings of recent studies and the approval of novel substances for the treatment of this patient population, the established standards of endocrine therapy are changing. Considering signaling pathways such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR or the CDK4/6 pathway, as well as resistance mechanisms and substances analyzed against these, endocrine treatment of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer is on the brink of a new era. This review provides an overview of the history of endocrine treatment, clarifies its role in the present standard of care, and discusses the possibilities of improvement. Abstract Purpose of review: Due to the findings of current studies and the approval of novel substances for the therapy of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer patients, the established standards of endocrine treatment are changing. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of the history of endocrine treatment, to clarify its role in the present standard of care, and to discuss the possibilities of improvement. Recent findings: Tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, and fulvestrant are the main drugs that have been used for decades in the therapy of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer patients. However, since a relevant number of women suffer at some point from disease recurrence or progression, several novel substances are being investigated to overcome resistance mechanisms by interfering with certain signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR or the CDK4/6 pathways. mTOR and CDK4/6 inhibitors were the first drugs approved for this purpose and many more are in development. Summary: Endocrine treatment is one of the best tolerable cancer therapies available. Continuous investigation serves to improve patients’ outcomes and modernize the current standard of care. Considering the resistance mechanisms and substances analyzed against these, endocrine treatment of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer is on the brink of a new era