Sesmarias e Apossamento de Terras no Brasil Colônia

This article analyses the evolution of Portuguese colonial land legislation. The crown offered large grants of land called sesmarias to encourage Brazilian settlement. During de colonial period, the sesmaria was the main legal method of gaining land ownership and title. Small farmers took unclaimed land for their use by squatting, a custom known as posse. Sesmarias are an example of transplanting institutions. The origins of sesmarias date back to 1375. Nearby independence the practice of awarding land by sesmarias ended but no other legal method of getting land was enacted.Brasil Colônia, Terras, Legislação Sesmarial, Posses

SESMARIAS E APOSSAMENTO DE TERRAS NO BRASIL COLÔNIA

This article analyses the evolution of Portuguese colonial land legislation. The crown offered large grants of land called sesmarias to encourage brazilian settlement. During de colonial period, the sesmaria was the only legal method of gaining land ownership andTitle. Small farmers took unclaimed land for their use by squatting, a custom known as posse. Sesmarias are an example of transplanting institutions. The origins of sesmarias date back to 1375. Nearby independence the practice of awarding land by sesmarias ended but no other legal method of getting land was enacted.

Resenha bibliográfica 1

POMERANZ, Lenina (Org.). Perestroika: Desafios da Transformação Socialna URSS. São Paulo: EDUSP, 1990.242 p

O fluxo de estrangeiros para o Brasil em fins do Novecentos

This paper presents the main results of a research on recent immigration to Brazil whose objectives were surveying the sources of data, discussing the quality of information available and outlining the profiles of the immigrant population in the end of the last century. The data banks examined, although not necessarily built up to keep track of the influx of immigrants to Brazil, allowed us to trace the characteristics of the stock of foreigners resident in Brazil as well as those of the flow ofimmigrants recently arrived. We observed population movements related to the privatization process and sales of national companies to foreign capital, e.g., Spanish, as well as movements of economically excluded people, such as Bolivians, struggling to survive. Both movements clearly represent the two faces of the same coin, and together reflect the characteristics of modern capitalism

Achegas para a qualificação das listas nominativas

Este artigo examina o comportamento dos responsáveis pela elaboração das listas nominativas, verdadeiros censos do passado, efetuados no Brasil nos séculos XVIII e XIX. Considera-se, especificamente, o tratamento dispensado & variável idade, a qual é tomada como forma de determinar se dado documenlo originou-se de coleta original de dados ou seresultou de atualização de levantamento anteriormente realizado. Para tanto, foram analisadas as listas de habitantes da primeira companhia de ordenanças de Lorena (SP) para o período 1798-1812.The objective of this article is to examine the behavior of registrars on occasion of the elaboration of the nominal manuscript listings, in fact censuses realized in Brazil during XVIII and XIX Centuries. The investigation focuses, specially, the treatment that the registrars dispensed to the variable "age". This variable is assumed as the means to stablish if a listing is proceeding from a original gathering or is the only result of a updating of preveously taked rankof inhabitants. "We analyse the nominal manuscript listings of the first district of Lorena (SP) corresponding to the years 1798-1812

Economia colonial brasileira: classificação das ocupações segundo ramos e setores

Pretende-se definir uma classificação das ocupações econômicas desenvolvidas no Brasil colonial. Deste ponto de vista, otermo economia colonial representa a estrutura econômica vigente nesta época e nas décadas posteriores, ultrapassando o marco político da independencia. A clássica divisão de Colin Clark em setores primário, secundário e terciário não se mostra conveniente ao estudo do nosso passado, pois tende a reduzir as diferenças existentes entre as váirias "economias" brasileiras, impedindo a análise de sua evolução. Apresenta-se uma categorização sócio-profissionalestruturada em tres níveis crescentes de agregação de dados: ocupação ou atividade, ramo de atividade e setor econômico. Definem-se 14 setores, que são posteriormente desmembrados em ramos e ocupações, utilizando-se uma codificação de 5 dígitos, própria para análise computacional.The subject of the article is the definition of a classification for the economic occupations present in colonial Brazil. For this purpose, the term "colonial economy" stands for the economic structure of the period comprising the colonial era and the decades that followed the political landmark of the nation's independence. Colin Clark's classical division into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors does not suit the study of our past, since it tends to lessen the differences between the various Brazilian "economies", thereby hindering the analysis of their evolution. The work presents a division into socioprofessional categories, which is formed by three increasing levels of data aggregation, viz. occupation or activity; branch of activity; economic sector. Fourteen sectors are defined, which are further divided into branches and occupations. It is used a five-digit codification, which lends itself to computer analysis

Elementos da estrutura de posse de escravos em Lorena no alvorecer do século XIX

Este artigo apresenta alguns elementos básicos referentes à estrutura de posse de escravos, elaborados a partir do processamento das listas nominativas de habitantes concernentes a quatro das oito Companhias de Ordenanças então existentes em Lorena em 1801. Tanto os escravistas como os escravos possuídos são contemplados segundo urn amploconjunto de variáveis demográficas: sexo, faixas etáirias, estado conjugal, atividade econômica, origem, cor e condição de legitimidade das crianças escravas. Tais variáveis foram analisadas considerando-se urn corte básico, qual seja,o do tamanho dos plantéis (conjunto de escravos pertencentes ao mesmo proprietário). Visou-se, assim, além do conhecimento da estrutura de posse de cativos, apreender as distinções decorrentes de os mesmos integrarem grupos de cativos mais ou menos numerosos. Em termos genáricos, pode-se afirmar que quase todas as variáveis demográficas selecionadas apresentaram algum tipo de relação com o tamanho dos plantéis. Especificamente com respeito a estrutura de posse de cativos, observamos a repetição, para Lorena, da estrutura de posse observada em outras Sreas do Brasil, bem como em outros momentos do tempo na própria Capitanla de São Paulo: significativa presença de mulheres entre os escravistas; alta participação relativa dos proprietários com pequeno número de cativos e expressivo peso relativo dos escravos possuídos pelos proprietáirios de porte médio ou grande.This work presents some of the basic elements concerning the slaveholding structure in Lorena, São Paulo, at the beginning ofthe nineteenth century. The primary sources were manuscript censuses for 1801, of which four of the eight Companhias de Ordenangas existing in Lorena atthe time were examined. Both slaveholders and slaves were analysed according to a wide range of demographic variables: sex, age brackets, marital status, economic activity, origin, colour and legitimacy condition of slave children. The analysis has taken into consideration a basic characteristic: the size of the slaveholding property. Thus, besides examining the slaveholding structure, we aimed at pointing out the distinctions arising from the fact that the slaves belonged to groups of different sizes. In general terms, we may say that almost all selected demographic variables presented some kind of relation to the size of the slaveholdings. As to the slaveholding structure specifically, we observed that in Lorena it was similar to the ones in other areas in Brazil, as well asto slaveholding structures existing in São Paulo in other points of time: significant presence of women among the slaveholders, high proportion of small slaveholders and an expressive relative weight of the slaves belonging to medium or large slaveholders

Às vésperas da abolição um estudo sobre a estrutura da posse de escravos em São Cristóvão (RJ), 1870

The first part of this paper shows the slaveholding structure in São Cristóvão in 1870, when that parish already belonged to the urban perimeter of the capital city of Rio de Janeiro. Thus that structure can be seen on the eve of Abolition in one of the most dynamic urban centers of the Empire. The results validate the pattern of Brazilian slavery determined by historiography: a great weight of the small slaveholders, the institution of slavery was relatively widespread and slaveholding was not strongly concentrated. The case in focus shows the same basic characteristics of slavery seen since the early 1700s in different parts of Brazil. In the second part, our results are compared to those of several other studies of various localities examined in different moments, showing the similarities and differences observed. On the one hand, São Cristóvão is situated in the universe of Brazilian slavery; on the other, we seek a more wide and profound knowledge of the demo-economic structures of our slave society.A primeira parte deste artigo revela a estrutura da posse de escravos de São Cristóvão em 1870, quando essa freguesia já integrava o perímetro urbano do município neutro. Assim, mostramos tal estrutura às vésperas da Abolição em um centro urbano dos mais dinâmicos do Império. É corroborado o padrão estabelecido pela historiografia acerca do escravismo brasileiro: forte presença de escravistas de porte modesto, difusão relativamente ampla da instituição e inexistência de grande concentração na posse de cativos. O escravismo apresenta, no caso analisado, o mesmo perfil básico identificado desde inícios do Setecentos, nos mais diversos pontos do Brasil. Na segunda parte, confrontamos nossos resultados com os de vários outros estudos, respeitantes a diversas localidades brasileiras consideradas em diferentes momentos, apontando as semelhanças e disparidades observadas. De um lado, situamos São Cristóvão no universo do escravismo brasileiro; de outro, perseguimos o conhecimento mais largo e profundo das estruturas demo-econômicas de nossa sociedade escravista

Deregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) expression and lymph node metastasis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Lymph node metastasis is a critical event in the progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). The identification of biomarkers associated with the metastatic process would provide critical prognostic information to facilitate clinical decision making. Previous studies showed that deregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) expression is a frequent event in TSCC and may be associated with enhanced cell invasion. The purpose of this study is to further evaluate whether the expression level of SOD2 is correlated with the metastatic status in TSCC patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We first examined the SOD2 expression at mRNA level on 53 TSCC and 22 normal control samples based on pooled-analysis of existing microarray datasets. To confirm our observations, we examined the expression of SOD2 at protein level on an additional TSCC patient cohort (n = 100), as well as 31 premalignant dysplasias, 15 normal tongue mucosa, and 32 lymph node metastatic diseases by immunohistochemistry (IHC).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The SOD2 mRNA level in primary TSCC tissue is reversely correlated with lymph node metastasis in the first TSCC patient cohort. The SOD2 protein level in primary TSCC tissue is also reversely correlated with lymph node metastasis in the second TSCC patient cohort. Deregulation of SOD2 expression is a common event in TSCC and appears to be associated with disease progression. Statistical analysis revealed that the reduced SOD2 expression in primary tumor tissue is associated with lymph node metastasis in both TSCC patient cohorts examined.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our study suggested that the deregulation of SOD2 in TSCC has potential predictive values for lymph node metastasis, and may serve as a therapeutic target for patients at risk of metastasis.</p