The effects of solar incidence angle over digital processing of LANDSAT data

A technique to extract the topography modulation component from digital data is described. The enhancement process is based on the fact that the pixel contains two types of information: (1) reflectance variation due to the target; (2) reflectance variation due to the topography. In order to enhance the signal variation due to topography, the technique recommends the extraction from original LANDSAT data of the component resulting from target reflectance. Considering that the role of topographic modulation over the pixel information will vary with solar incidence angle, the results of this technique of digital processing will differ from one season to another, mainly in highly dissected topography. In this context, the effects of solar incidence angle over the topographic modulation technique were evaluated. Two sets of MSS/LANDSAT data, with solar elevation angles varying from 22 to 41 deg were selected to implement the digital processing at the Image-100 System. A secondary watershed (Rio Bocaina) draining into Rio Paraiba do Sul (Sao Paulo State) was selected as a test site. The results showed that the technique used was more appropriate to MSS data acquired under higher Sun elevation angles. Topographic modulation components applied to low Sun elevation angles lessens rather than enhances topography

Sistemas de produção de leite utilizando pastagens.

Em decorrência das profundas mudanças no cenário econômico de nosso Pais ocorridas nos últimos anos, a demanda por informações técnicas referentes a producao de leite aumentou significativamente. Este novo contexto, em que palavras como globalização, competitividade, eficiência, qualidade e produtividade estão na ordem do dia, exige do produtor uma atitude no sentido mudar a situação de sua propriedade, sob pena de não ser competitivo e em curto período de tempo, abandonar a atividade. E nesta hora, no entanto, que muitos desastres acontece, pois a maioria resolve investir, sem qualquer planejamento ou assessoria técnica, os poucos e últimos recursos em fatores considerados não produtivos, que pouco ou nada contribuirão para as mudanças que se fazem necessarias

Opções de recursos volumosos para época seca.

Silagem de milho; Silagem de sorgo; Silagem de gramineas tropicais (elefante, tanzania, etc); Cana-de-acucar; Fenos

Topographic studies through texture image analysis of LANDSAT data

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Use of LANDSAT data to monitor pasture project in Amazonia

The author has identified the following significant results. No differences were found between acreage evaluation by visual and automatic interpretation of LANDSAT images. It was necessary to interpret both channels 5 and 7 to exactly outline the deforested areas. Channel 7 was necessary for the identification of deforested areas in the presence of recently grown natural vegetation, and channel 5 was necessary to identify the deforested areas in the cerrado regions. Automatic interpretation permitted the discrimination between areas with predominant grass coverage and recently grown natural vegetation

Efficient and weak efficient points in vector optimization with generalized cone convexity

AbstractIn this paper, we present necessary and sufficient conditions of efficiency and weak efficiency under generalized cone-convexity and cone-subconvexity. The results are stated in partially ordered real linear spaces from a separation theorem between convex cones which need not be solid

3x3 Multibeam Network for a Triangular Array of Three Radiating Elements

A multibeam antenna study based on Butler network will be undertaken in this document. These antenna designs combines phase shift systems with multibeam networks to optimize multiple channel systems. The system will work at 1.7 GHz with circular polarization. Specifically, result simulations and measurements of 3 element triangular subarray will be shown. A 45 element triangular array will be formed by the subarrays. Using triangular subarrays, side lobes and crossing points are reduced

A water level relationship between consecutive gauge stations along Solim\~oes/Amazonas main channel: a wavelet approach

Gauge stations are distributed along the Solim\~oes/Amazonas main channel to monitor water level changes over time. Those measurements help quantify both the water movement and its variability from one gauge station to the next downstream. The objective of this study is to detect changes in the water level relationship between consecutive gauge stations along the Solim\~oes/Amazonas main channel, since 1980. To carry out the analyses, data spanning from 1980 to 2010 from three consecutive gauges (Tefe, Manaus and Obidos) were used to compute standardized daily anomalies. In particular for infra-annual periods it was possible to detect changes for the water level variability along the Solim\~oes/Amazonas main channel, by applying the Morlet Wavelet Transformation (WT) and Wavelet Cross Coherence (WCC) methods. It was possible to quantify the waves amplitude for the WT infra-annual scaled-period and were quite similar to the three gauge stations denoting that the water level variability are related to the same hydrological forcing functions. Changes in the WCC was detected for the Manaus-Obidos river stretch and this characteristic might be associated with land cover changes in the floodplains. The next steps of this research, will be to test this hypotheses by integrating land cover changes into the floodplain with hydrological modelling simulations throughout the time-series

Factors influencing antibiotic resistance burden in municipal wastewater treatment plants

Municipal wastewater treatment plants are recognized reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Three municipal wastewater treatment plants differing on the dimensions and bio-treatment processes were compared for the loads of amoxicillin-, tetracycline-, and ciprofloxacinresistant heterotrophic bacteria, enterobacteria, and enterococci in the raw inflow and in the treated effluents. The sewage received by each plant, in average, corresponded to 85,000 inhabitant equivalents (IE), including pretreated industrial effluents (≤30%) in plant activated sludge, 105,000 IE, including pretreated hospital effluents (≤15%) in plant trickling filter, and 2,000 IE, exclusively of domestic sewage, in plant submerged aerated filter. The presence of pretreated industrial effluents or of pretreated hospital sewage in the raw inflow did not imply significantly higher densities (per milliliter or per IE) of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the raw wastewater. Longer hydraulic residence periods (24 h) corresponded to higher bacterial removal rates than shorter periods (12 and 9 h), although such efficiency did not imply significant average decreases in the antibiotic resistance prevalence of the treated effluent. The bacterial loads in the treated effluent could be ranked according to the treatment efficiency, suggesting that the characteristics of the raw inflow may have less relevance on the quality of the treated wastewater than other aspects, such as the inflow volume, the type of biological treatment, or the hydraulic residence time.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Long-term behavior of nonautonomous neutral compartmental systems

The asymptotic behavior of the trajectories of compartmental systems with a general set of admissible initial data is studied. More precisely, these systems are described by families of monotone nonautonomous neutral functional differential equations with nonautonomous operator. We show that the solutions asymptotically exhibit the same recurrence properties as the transport functions and the coefficients of the neutral operator. Conditions for the cases in which the delays in the neutral and non neutral parts are different, as well as for other cases unaddressed in the previous literature are also obtained