6 research outputs found
Parasitic specialization in Aphidiinae : there are generalist aphid parasitoids ?
Les parasitoĂŻdes de pucerons Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) comprennent des espĂšces qui prĂ©sentent un gradient de spĂ©cialisation allant dâespĂšces monophages Ă des espĂšces capables de parasiter plusieurs dizaines dâespĂšces hĂŽtes. Le caractĂšre gĂ©nĂ©raliste ou spĂ©cialiste dâun ennemi naturel va conditionner son efficacitĂ© Ă rĂ©guler les populations dâun ravageur, mais Ă©galement sa capacitĂ© Ă pouvoir exploiter dâautres ressources dans les habitats semi-naturels, et assurer ainsi son maintien dans lâenvironnement en l'absence du ravageur. Lâobjectif premier de ce travail est de dĂ©finir sâil existe des espĂšces gĂ©nĂ©ralistes au sein des Aphidiinae, dans un contexte agronomique spatialement et temporellement dĂ©limitĂ©. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, il s'agit dâĂ©tudier les facteurs qui peuvent influencer la spĂ©cialisation parasitaire Ă lâĂ©chelle inter et intraspĂ©cifique. Les facteurs ciblĂ©s sont lâhĂŽte, la plante, de par leurs caractĂ©ristiques Ă©cologiques comme lâabondance et la frĂ©quence, et le type d'habitat, cultivĂ© ou non cultivĂ©. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© au sein dâun agrosystĂšme et au cours dâune saison de vĂ©gĂ©tation les rĂ©seaux trophiques plantes-pucerons-parasitoĂŻdes dans le milieu cultivĂ© et dans les habitats semi-naturels. Nous avons cherchĂ© Ă identifier des situations dâexploitation dâhĂŽtes multiples dans les deux compartiments de lâagrosystĂšme et Ă dĂ©finir les facteurs pouvant influencer la rĂ©partition des espĂšces gĂ©nĂ©ralistes et spĂ©cialistes dans le temps et lâespace. Puis nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le parasitisme en conditions naturelles et contrĂŽlĂ©es dâune espĂšce en particulier, Diaeretiella rapae pour dĂ©terminer son degrĂ© de spĂ©cialisation parasitaire et la dynamique dâexploitation des hĂŽtes sur les plantes cultivĂ©es et sauvages. Enfin, lâexistence de structuration gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations, voire dâespĂšces cryptiques, a Ă©tĂ© recherchĂ©e chez les espĂšces les plus gĂ©nĂ©ralistes, grĂące Ă une approche molĂ©culaire de type barcoding. Nos rĂ©sultats rĂ©vĂšlent quâil nây a pas Ă proprement parlĂ© de vrai gĂ©nĂ©raliste parmi les Aphidiinae prĂ©sents dans l'agroĂ©cosystĂšme Ă©tudiĂ©. Les espĂšces supposĂ©es gĂ©nĂ©ralistes ayant un possible intĂ©rĂȘt agronomique ont en rĂ©alitĂ© des spectres dâhĂŽtes limitĂ©s, elles ne parasitent que rarement et trĂšs ponctuellement des ressources dans les habitats semi-naturels. La plupart prĂ©sentent des structurations gĂ©nĂ©tiques de leurs populations (hormis A. ervi) en fonction de lâhĂŽte, de la plante ou de lâinteraction des deux. Des espĂšces cryptiques ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©es chez D rapae. La consĂ©quence de cette spĂ©cialisation parasitaire et des structurations gĂ©nĂ©tiques intraspĂ©cifiques est un rĂŽle probablement trĂšs faible des habitats semi-naturels comme rĂ©servoirs d'Aphidiinae, leur gestion n'Ă©tant alors pas un levier pour la mise en place d'une lutte biologique par conservation.Aphid parasitoids of the sub-family Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) include species with a gradient of specialization from monophagous to polyphagous species, able to parasitize several dozen of host species. Generalist or specialist trait for a natural enemy will determine its effectiveness in regulating pest populations, but also its ability to exploit other resources in semi-natural habitats and then to ensure its maintenance in the environment in the absence of pests. The first objective of this work is to determine if there are real generalists species within Aphidiinae in a peculiar agroecosystem over the time and in different habitats. Secondly, we studied the factors that may influence the parasitic specialization at inter- and intraspecific level. Targeted factors are the host, the plant, regarding their ecological characteristics, such as abundance and frequency, and the type of habitat, cultivated or uncultivated. We studied the trophic network between plant-aphid-parasitoid in cultivated areas and in semi-natural habitats in an agroecosystem and during a growing season. We sought to identify situations of multiple exploitation of different host in the two compartments of agroecosystem and to identify factors influencing the distribution of generalists and specialists species in time and space. Then, we studied the parasitism of a particular species Diaeretiella rapae in natural and controlled conditions to determine its degree of parasitic specialization and its temporal dynamic of host exploitation on cultivated and wild plants. Finally, the existence of genetic structure of populations, even cryptic species, was investigated in the most generalist species, with a molecular barcoding method. Our results reveal that there is no true generalist species among Aphidiinae present in the studied agroecosystem. The supposed generalist species actually have limited host ranges, they parasite rarely and very timely resources of semi-natural habitats. Most of them show a genetic structuration of their populations (except A. ervi) depending on the host, the plant or the interaction of both. Cryptic species were detected in D rapae. The consequence of this parasitic specialization and intraspecific genetic structuring is probably a very low role of host reservoir played by the semi-natural habitats for Aphidiinae species, their management then not being a lever for the implementation of conservation biological control
Ecological specialization in Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on aphid species from wild and cultivated plants.
International audienceDiaeretiella rapae is an aphid parasitoid with potential for use in biological control strategies. However, several recent genetic studies have challenged the long held view that it is a generalist parasitoid. We investigated its ecological specialization and ability to use resources in cultivated and uncultivated areas. Ecological specialization would reduce its ability to exploit the diversity of aphid species, particularly in uncultivated areas, and to control pest aphids. Four D. rapae strains were studied, three reared on pest aphids on Brassicaceae and one strain on a non-pest aphid on Chenopodiaceae. For each strain, we performed host-switching experiments, with a total of six aphid species, five of which D. rapae parasitizes in France. We tested cross-breeding ability between strains to detect potential reproductive isolation linked to aphid host species in D. rapae. The strain reared on non-pest aphids was able to develop on aphid species from both cultivated and uncultivated plants. The strains reared on pest aphids, however, exclusively parasitized aphid species on cultivated Brassicaceae. In addition, reproductive isolation was detected between strains from uncultivated and cultivated plants. Thus, the D. rapae populations examined here appear to be showing ecological specialization or they may even be composed of a complex of cryptic species related to the aphid hosts. The role of Chenopodium album as a reservoir for D. rapae, by providing a habitat for non-pest aphids on which it can feed, appears to be severely limited, and thus its efficiency to maintain local populations of D. rapae in the vicinity of crops is questionable
Aphid parasitoid generalism: development, assessment, and implications for biocontrol
International audienceHost specialization in aphid parasitoids is important both from a theoretical and an applied point of view. It arises from various ecological mechanisms involving their interactions with aphids, host plants, and endosymbiotic bacteria, as well as with potential competitors and enemies. From an applied point of view, host specialization in aphid parasitoids has a great importance as it determines the biological control they provide through their capacity to switch between different hosts, to persist in the agrosystem in the absence of the pest, and to regulate pest outbreaks in a rapidly changing system. It also conditions the risk of undesirable effects on non-target species in the case of introduction or augmentation of populations of parasitoids. Biocontrol literature that looks at the benefits of generalist and specialists natural enemies is mainly focused on differences between different guilds of natural enemies and does not consider the differences in host specialization within a single guild. This review synthesizes the mechanisms related to host-use by aphid parasitoids, focusing on the differences between generalist and specialist species. Second, this work describes the difficulty to determine the host range of generalist parasitoid species. Our review points out some observational artifacts, as is the existence of cryptic species or spatiotemporal variability in host acceptance, which may lead to misinterpretations about host specialization and result in pest management failures. Regarding biological control services, moderately generalized species that could use various host species to sustain their populations may ensure the long-term control, whereas specialist species would provide higher parasitism rates. At the community level, the co-occurrence of specialist and generalist parasitoids may maximize biological control services both in terms of efficiency and in terms of stability in space and time
After spring, after crops: which alternative hosts for the generalist parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)?
International audienceGeneralist aphid parasitoids seem to behave as specialists at the local scale. The temporal pattern of host exploitation by parasitoids is key to understand this result. We investigated the temporal dynamics during twenty-one consecutive months of host exploitation by Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), one of the most generalist aphid parasitoid, in cultivated and uncultivated areas. We applied two complementary approaches: molecular detection of parasitism within living aphids and rearing of aphid mummies collected in Brassicaceae crops and adjacent areas. We built a Maximum Likelihood tree to determine the influence of host plant and aphid species on the genetic structure of D. rapae. We confirmed the existence of a cryptic species developing on Hayhurstia atriplicis (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), but we found no other host-related genetic variation. D. rapae exploited almost exclusively Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a pest of Brassiceae and rarely other hosts. When the crop is absent, D. rapae parasitized B. brassicae on wild Brassicaceae and cover crop instead of alternative aphid host on other plants. These results show the limited role of uncultivated habitats as a reservoir for D. rapae and the interest of wild Brassiceae and cover crops to enhance the control of B. brassicae
Analyse des réseaux trophiques et quantification des interactions
National audienceLâimportante littĂ©rature consacrĂ©e au sujet suggĂšre une relation positive entre la biodiversitĂ© en milieu agricole et la fourniture de services Ă©cosystĂ©miques, notamment le service de contrĂŽle des ravageurs par leurs ennemis naturels. Cependant, cette relation nâest que statistique et de nombreux contre-exemples peuvent ĂȘtre trouvĂ©s. Lâune des raisons principales de lâabsence dâadditivitĂ© des effets des ennemis naturels rĂ©side dans la complexitĂ© des rĂ©seaux dâinteractions qui se mettent en place dans les communautĂ©s diversifiĂ©es. Ainsi, par exemple, des phĂ©nomĂšnes de compĂ©tition, voire de prĂ©dation intra-guilde peuvent conduire Ă une rĂ©duction dâefficacitĂ© du contrĂŽle biologique avec un accroissement de la biodiversitĂ© dans les communautĂ©s naturelles. Cette complexitĂ© fait que lâidentification de leviers permettant dâaccroĂźtre le service de rĂ©gulation des ravageurs et la quantification de ce service, au-delĂ des recommandations Ă portĂ©e gĂ©nĂ©rale (e.g. adopter des pratiques favorables Ă la biodiversitĂ©), nĂ©cessite pour chaque cas dâespĂšce une analyse du rĂ©seau dâinteractions trophiques dans lequel sâinsĂšre la ou les espĂšces cibles. Dans le cadre du projet PEERLESS, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă explorer, Ă©valuer et comparer diffĂ©rents moyens dâacquĂ©rir de lâinformation sur la structure des rĂ©seaux trophiques agricoles et les avons appliquĂ©s Ă diffĂ©rents contextes agricoles. Les mĂ©thodes que nous avons explorĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© de deux grands types : des approches infĂ©rentielles (reconstruction des interactions sur la base de connaissances a priori et sur lâobservation des distributions des organismes et/ou de leur dynamique) et des approches analytiques permettant lâidentification directe dâĂ©vĂ©nements de prĂ©dation (approches molĂ©culaires). Nous avons montrĂ© lâintĂ©rĂȘt dâapproches de type « machine learning » fondĂ©es sur lâapplication de rĂšgles a priori Ă des jeux de donnĂ©es de co-occurrences pour la reconstruction de rĂ©seaux trophiques et lâidentification dâinteractions complexes telles que le mutualisme apparent entre bioagresseurs. Nous avons Ă©galement comparĂ© des rĂ©seaux trophiques empiriques issus de lâanalyse de la littĂ©rature aux rĂ©seaux rĂ©ellement observĂ©s en parcelles. Enfin, nous avons montrĂ© comment lâanalyse des dynamiques dâabondance pouvait permettre de quantifier lâimpact relatif de diffĂ©rents auxiliaires sur la rĂ©gulation biologique dâun ravageur et celui de diffĂ©rentes pratiques ou infrastructures agroĂ©cologiques. Dans le cadre dâapproches analytiques, des quantifications de la prĂ©dation au laboratoire ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es pour diffĂ©rents couples prĂ©dateurs/proies. Enfin, nous avons appliquĂ© des approches molĂ©culaires fondĂ©es sur lâutilisation de PCR diagnostique ou sur le sĂ©quençage haut-dĂ©bit pour la reconstruction de rĂ©seaux in-situ et tentĂ© dâaccroĂźtre nos connaissances sur lâintĂ©rĂȘt et les limites de telles approches. Lâensemble des travaux rĂ©alisĂ©s dans le cadre du projet PEERLESS a permis de contribuer Ă lâĂ©laboration dâune boĂźte Ă outils pour lâanalyse du contrĂŽle biologique des bioagresseurs agricoles et de nourrir la rĂ©flexion sur la complĂ©mentaritĂ© et les limites dâemploi de ces outils