Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Modelo de previsão e controle da podridão floral dos citrus causada por Colletotrichum acutatum

A podridão floral, causada por Colletotrichum acutatum, afeta flores de citros e induz à abscisão de frutos jovens, sendo considerada um sério problema na maioria das áreas úmidas onde se produz citros nas Américas. O controle da doença é feito pela pulverização de fungicidas durante a florada porém, uma das dificuldades é determinar o momento ideal para o controle. Um modelo de previsão foi desenvolvido na Flórida para indicar a necessidade de pulverização, considerando a quantidade de inóculo, chuvas e molhamento foliar. Este modelo foi avaliado durante três anos consecutivos na região de Itapetininga-SP. Verificou-se que mediante a aplicação do modelo obteve-se um bom controle da doença, tendo-se evitado duas pulverizações desnecessárias em comparação com o calendário, em 1999, e uma pulverização, comparado ao esquema do produtor, em 2000 e 2001. Um novo sistema de previsão para controle da podridão floral (PFD-FAD) foi desenvolvido incorporando outros fatores que também influenciam a ocorrência da doença, como o histórico do pomar, a suscetibilidade da variedade, o estágio de desenvolvimento da florada, assim como chuva, molhamento foliar e nível de inóculo, além da data da última... .Postbloom fruit drop (PFD), caused by Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds, infects petals of citrus flowers and induces the abscission of fruitlets. The disease can cause serious losses in most humid areas where citrus is produced in the Americas. The disease is controlled by fungicide applications during the bloom but it is difficult to properly time applications. A model was developed in Florida to schedule fungicide applications based on the amount of inoculum and the amount of rainfall and leaf wetness for the last 5 days. This model was evaluated during three consecutive years in Itapetininga-SP, Brazil. Results showed that applications following the model provided good control of the disease and saved two sprays compared to the calendar program in 1999, and one spray compared to the grower’s choice in 2000 and 2001. A new advisory system (PFD-FAD) was developed to be more widely applicable by incorporating risk factors that are inherent in any planting which affected by PFD incidence. The history of the disease in the grove, the varietal susceptibility, the stage of the bloom, as well as the rain, leaf wetness, the amount of inoculum and the last spray date were considered. Field tests in 2001 showed that the system provided good control of the disease with only one fungicide application. Benomyl is considered one of the most effective products for PFD control but despite that C. acutatum is not highly sensitive to benomyl in culture. The mycelial growth and conidial germination is inhibited by 80% at concentration of 1.0 μg/mL, but higher concentrations do not completely inhibit the growth of the fungus. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a common saprophyte and causal agent of anthracnose of fruits postharvest, is completely inhibit by 1.0 μg/mL... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Qualidade pós-colheita de goiabas 'Branca de Kumagai', tratadas com cloreto de cálcio

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito do tratamento pós-colheita com cloreto de cálcio, pelo método da temperatura diferenciada, na conservação e qualidade de goiabas 'Branca de Kumagai', conduziu-se experimento em que frutos, na temperatura de 26ºC, foram imersos em soluções de cloreto de cálcio a 5ºC, nas concentrações de 0%; 0,5%; 1,5%; 2,5% e 3,5%. A testemunha foi representada por frutos que não receberam qualquer tipo de aplicação. Após a imersão, os frutos foram mantidos à temperatura ambiente. O tratamento na concentração de 0,5% de cloreto de cálcio estendeu em 34,8% (3,2 dias) o período de conservação dos frutos, reduziu a taxa respiratória e a perda de massa fresca, aumentou ligeiramente os teores de sólidos solúveis totais, sem alterar a acidez titulável e o teor de ácido ascórbico. O tratamento a 0% de cloreto de cálcio reduziu a conservação e aumentou a taxa respiratória dos frutos, indicando que a temperatura da solução de 5ºC, foi prejudicial ao metabolismo dos frutos.A trial was conducted to verify the effect of post-harvest treatment with calcium chloride by the temperature differential method on the shelf-life and quality of guavas 'Branca de Kumagai'. The treatments consisted in dipping fruits with pulp temperature at 26ºC in solutions at 5ºC of different calcium chloride concentrations: 0%, 0,5%, 1,5%, 2,5% e 3,5%. The control did not receive any kind of application. After dipping, fruits were kept under environmental conditions. The treatment with 0,5% of calcium chloride extended the shelf-life in 34,8% (3,2 days), decreased respiration rate and fresh weight loss, slightly increased the total soluble solids content, but not change the acid ascorbic content and the tritable acidity. The treatment at 0% of calcium chloride decreased its shelf-life, indicating that the solution temperature of 5ºC was harmful to the fruit metabolism.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data