The Descriptive Study on Question Words in Amanatun Dialect of Meto Language

This research is a descriptive study on linguistics which focuses on the question words in Amanatun dialect of Meto language. The purposes of this research are to identify the kinds of question words and to describe how those question words are constructed.The descriptive qualitative method was used in this research. The native speakers of Amanatun dialect as the subject of the research. The instrument used was translation sentences of question words from Indonesia into Amanatun dialect. There were five techniques of data analysis: translation, codification,classification, syntactical analyses, and discussion.The findings show that there are seven kinds of question words in Amanatun dialect. They are sa(what), sekau(who), etme/esme/mbime/neome(where), leka(when), nansa/neusa(why), onme(how) and fauk (how many and how much). Saisplaced at the initial position of the sentence. Sekau is placed in three positions; in initial part of the sentence, in the middle of the sentence and at the final part of the sentence. The question of etme/esme/mbime/neome is placed at the final part of the sentence. Leka is placed in two positions: in the initial part of the sentence and at the final part of the sentence. The question of nansa is placed at the final part of the sentence. Nansa cannot be placed at the final position of the sentence. While neosa is only placed at the final position of the sentence and it cannot be placed in initial position of the sentence. There are three positions of onme; in the initial of the sentence, in the middle of the sentence and the final of the sentence. Fauk is placed at the final part of the sentence

Radiological evaluation of the styloid process length in the normal population

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the styloid process (SP) length in the normal population using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT).Materials and methods: In this study, 160 patients who underwent paranasal MDCT between January 2012 and December 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were divided into groups according to their age and gender: Group 1 age 31–40 years old, 111 subjects; Group 2 age 41–50 years old, 49 subjects; Group A 98 males; Group B 62 females. The mean SP length was calculated from the mean of 2 measurements. SPs were assessed for their average lengths in different gender and age groups. Student’s t-test was used for the comparison of the mean SP lengths between the groups. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at p < 0.05.Results: The mean SP length on both sides varied from 18 to 51 mm (28.4 ± 5.5) in all the patients. The mean SP length was 27.2 ± 5.2 mm in females and 29.2 ± 5.6 mm in males. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean SP lengths in terms of gender (p < 0.028). The mean SP length was 28.5 ± 5.7 mm in Group 1 and 28.2 ± 5.1 mm in Group 2. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean SP lengths in terms of age (p > 0.718).Conclusions: In conclusion, there is still no consensus on the normal values of SP length. Normal values should be determined according to the geographical regions and ethnic groups for the diagnosis of Eagle’s syndrome.

ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS FOR THE EXTRAPOLATION OF RHEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA OF PRESTRESSING STEEL

BACKGROUND: The spread of artemisinin-resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is a threat to current global malaria control initiatives. Targeted malaria treatment (TMT), which combines mass anti-malarial administration with conventional malaria prevention and control measures, has been proposed as a strategy to tackle this problem. The effectiveness of TMT depends on high levels of population coverage and is influenced by accompanying community engagement activities and the local social context. The article explores how these factors influenced attitudes and behaviours towards TMT in Kayin (Karen) State, Myanmar. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with villagers from study villages (N = 31) and TMT project staff (N = 14) between March and July 2015. RESULTS: Community engagement consisted of a range of activities to communicate the local malaria situation (including anti-malarial drug resistance and asymptomatic malaria), the aims of the TMT project, and its potential benefits. Community engagement was seen by staff as integral to the TMT project as a whole and not a sub-set of activities. Attitudes towards TMT (including towards community engagement) showed that developing trusting relationships helped foster participation. After initial wariness, staff received hospitality and acceptance among villagers. Offering healthcare alongside TMT proved mutually beneficial for the study and villagers. A handful of more socially-mobile and wealthy community members were reluctant to participate. The challenges of community engagement included time constraints and the isolation of the community with its limited infrastructure and a history of conflict. CONCLUSIONS: Community engagement had to be responsive to the local community even though staff faced time constraints. Understanding the social context of engagement helped TMT to foster respectful and trusting relationships. The complex relationship between the local context and community engagement complicated evaluation of the community strategy. Nonetheless, the project did record high levels of population coverage.</p

Negative Thermal Expansion Near the Precipice of Structural Stability in Open Perovskites

Negative thermal expansion (NTE) describes the anomalous propensity of materials to shrink when heated. Since its discovery, the NTE effect has been found in a wide variety of materials with an array of magnetic, electronic and structural properties. In some cases, the NTE originates from phase competition arising from the electronic or magnetic degrees of freedom but we here focus on a particular class of NTE which originates from intrinsic dynamical origins related to the lattice degrees of freedom, a property we term structural negative thermal expansion (SNTE). Here we review some select cases of NTE which strictly arise from anharmonic phonon dynamics, with a focus on open perovskite lattices. We find that NTE is often present close in proximity to competing structural phases, with structural phase transition lines terminating near T=0 K yielding the most prominent displays of the SNTE effect. We further provide a theoretical model to make precise the proposed relationship among the signature behavior of SNTE, the proximity of these systems to structural quantum phase transitions and the effects of phase fluctuations near these unique regions of the structural phase diagram. The effects of compositional disorder on NTE and structural phase stability in perovskites are discussed

Atypical obstructive submandibular sialoadenitis

The patient is a 52-year-old female who had undergone medical treatment for right acute suppurative submandibular sialoadenitis three times in the last two months. The patient was referred to our clinic due to persistance of complaints and presence of a mass in the submandibular region. On physical examination, the right submandibular gland was diffusely enlarged and adherent. Also, seropurulent decreased salivation was observed pressing on the Wharton’s channel. Evidence of stone in the channel was not detected at palpation. On USG examination, right submandibular gland enlargement, two reactive lymph nodes (dimention, 19 x 12 mm ve 19 x 8 mm) in submandibular area and hypoecoic noduler lesion which was difficult to discriminate from the surrounding tissue measuring 5 x 3 mm in diameter were detected. Also dilatation at duct of salivary gland (mean 2 mm) was present. For further evaluation MRI examination was recommended. MRI examination revealed a slight increase in the right submandibular gland dimensions. No significant pathologic enhancement was present (Fig. A, B). Under general anesthesia, right submandibular gland excision was performed with lymph node dissection. During operation, it was observed that the gland was middle hard and attached to the anterior belly of the digastric muscle due to probably passed infection. After removal of gland, a foreign body (grass seed) was found to be in the Wharton’s duct during the macroscopic examination. After taking the photographs (Fig. C, D), the foreign body was sent to Ankara University, faculty of Agriculture for further analysis. Since the patient was a farmer by occupation, it was thought that the grass seed might had been inserted accidentally into Wharton’s duct. Due to their linear extensions They move easily in a space freely

Arterial versus venous lactate: a measure of sepsis in children.

This study assessed the agreement between arterial and venous blood lactate and pH levels in children with sepsis. This retrospective, three-year study involved 60 PICU patients, with data collected from electronic or paper patient records. The inclusion criteria comprised of children (≤17 years old) with sepsis and those who had a venous blood gas taken first with an arterial blood gas taken after within one hour. The lactate and pH values measured through each method were analysed. There is close agreement between venous and arterial lactate up to 2 mmol/L. As this value increases, this agreement becomes poor. The limits of agreement (LOA) are too large (±1.90 mmol/L) to allow venous and arterial lactate to be used interchangeably. The mean difference and LOA between both methods would be much smaller if derived using lactate values under 2.0 mmol/L. There is close agreement between arterial and venous pH (MD = -0.056, LOA ± 0.121). However, due to extreme variations in pH readings during sepsis, pH alone is an inadequate marker. CONCLUSION: A venous lactate ≤2 mmol/L can be used as a surrogate for arterial lactate during early management of sepsis in children. However, if the value exceeds 2 mmol/L, an arterial sample must confirm the venous result. What is known: • In children with septic shock, a blood gas is an important test to show the presence of acidosis and high lactic acid. Hyperlactataemia on admission is an early predictor of outcome and is associated with a greater mortality risk. • An arterial sample is the standard for lactate measurement, however getting a sample may be challenging in the emergency department or a general paediatric ward. Venous samples are quicker and easier to obtain. Adult studies generally advise caution in replacing venous lactate values for the arterial standard, whilst paediatric studies are limited in this area. What is new: • This is the first study assessing the agreement between arterial and peripheral venous lactate in children with sepsis, with a significant sample of patients. • This study shows that a venous sample with a lactate of ≤ 2 mmol/L can be used as a surrogate measurement for arterial lactate during early management of sepsis in children. However, if the venous lactate is above 2 mmol/L, an arterial sample must be taken to confirm the result

Large isotropic negative thermal expansion above a structural quantum phase transition

Perovskite structured materials contain myriad tunable ordered phases of electronic and magnetic origin with proven technological importance and strong promise for a variety of energy solutions. An always-contributing influence beneath these cooperative and competing interactions is the lattice, whose physics may be obscured in complex perovskites by the many coupled degrees of freedom, which makes these systems interesting. Here, we report signatures of an approach to a quantum phase transition very near the ground state of the nonmagnetic, ionic insulating, simple cubic perovskite material ScF3, and show that its physical properties are strongly effected as much as 100 K above the putative transition. Spatial and temporal correlations in the high-symmetry cubic phase determined using energy- and momentum-resolved inelastic x-ray scattering as well as x-ray diffraction reveal that soft mode, central peak, and thermal expansion phenomena are all strongly influenced by the transition.National Science Foundation Award No. DMR-1506825US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Contract No. DE- AC02-06CH11357Yale Prize Postdoctoral FellowshipNSF Grant No. DMR-0115852Universidad de Costa Rica. Vicerrectoría de Investigación Projecto No. 816-B5-220UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales (CICIMA

Clam feeding plasticity reduces herbivore vulnerability to ocean warming and acidification

Ocean warming and acidification affect species populations, but how interactions within communities are affected and how this translates into ecosystem functioning and resilience remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that experimental ocean warming and acidification significantly alters the interaction network among porewater nutrients, primary producers, herbivores and burrowing invertebrates in a seafloor sediment community, and is linked to behavioural plasticity in the clam Scrobicularia plana. Warming and acidification induced a shift in the clam's feeding mode from predominantly suspension feeding under ambient conditions to deposit feeding with cascading effects on nutrient supply to primary producers. Surface-dwelling invertebrates were more tolerant to warming and acidification in the presence of S. plana, most probably due to the stimulatory effect of the clam on their microalgal food resources. This study demonstrates that predictions of population resilience to climate change require consideration of non-lethal effects such as behavioural changes of key species. Changes in ocean temperature and pH will impact on species, as well as impacting on community interactions. Here warming and acidification cause a clam species to change their feeding mode, with cascading effects for the marine sedimentary food web