Propiedades f?sicas y mec?nicas de la madera de la especie Sangre gallina Vismia baccifera (L) Triana y planch procedente del Bajo Calima, municipio de Buenaventura.

72 p. Recurso Electr?nicoLa explotaci?n maderera es una de las principales actividades econ?micas de las comunidades del pacifico colombiano, ?sta implica procesos como la tala indiscriminada y la comercializaci?n de madera en estado juvenil con tendencia al aprovechamiento selectivo, desconociendo el potencial de muchas especies, lo que ocasiona un grave deterioro del bosque. En la presente investigaci?n se estudiaron las propiedades f?sicas y mec?nicas de la especie Vismia baccifera (L.) Triana y Planch, proveniente de la regi?n del Bajo Calima, Buenaventura, con el fin de ampliar el conocimiento acerca de las especies maderables de la zona, lo cual permite plantear soluciones a problem?ticas relacionadas con el manejo forestal. Las propiedades f?sicas determinadas fueron las contracciones (longitudinales, transversales y volum?tricas), la densidad b?sica y en sus diferentes estados (verde, seca al aire y anhidra). Las propiedades mec?nicas evaluadas fueron: compresi?n paralela y perpendicular al grano, flexi?n est?tica, cizallamiento paralelo al grano, dureza, arrancamiento de clavos y tenacidad. La metodolog?a empleada corresponde a una adaptaci?n de las Normas T?cnicas Colombianas ICONTEC para la realizaci?n de ensayos en madera. Con los resultados obtenidos se clasific? la madera de la especie de acuerdo a las normas DIN y ASTM. Se encontr? que la densidad b?sica de la especie es 0,47 g/cm3, es decir que la madera de este ?rbol es blanda. Las propiedades mec?nicas en general se clasificaron como medias y bajas, por lo tanto se recomienda emplear esta especie en construcciones de estructuras livianas. Palabras clave: Propiedades f?sicas, Propiedades mec?nicas, Bajo Calima, Vismia bacciferaLogging is one of the main economic activities of the Colombian Pacific communities. It involves processes such as: indiscriminate logging, and young wood commercialization prone to selective logging. Moreover, logging does not recognize the potential of many species, and it causes serious forest degradation. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of the species Vismia baccifera (L.) Triana and Planch were assessed. The species mentioned before were from the region of Bajo Calima, Buenaventura. The objective of this study was to increase knowledge about timber species in the Bajo Calima area. It allows to propose solutions for forest management problems. The identified physical properties were contractions such as: (longitudinal, transverse and volumetric). Furthermore, wood basic density in its different phases were (green, open air dried and anhydrous). The mechanical properties evaluated were: parallel and perpendicular grain compression, static flexion, parallel shearing grain, hardness, pulling nails and tenacity. The methodology corresponds to an adaptation of the Colombian Technical Standards ICONTEC for testing wood. The results guided the wood species classification according to DIN and ASTM standards qualified. It was found that the basic density of this species is 0,47 g / cm3. That is to say the wood of this tree is soft. In general, the mechanical properties were classified as medium and low. Therefore, it is recommended to use this wood species in light structures buildings. Keywords: Physical properties, Mechanical properties, Bajo Calima, Vismia baccifer

Sensory profile, shelf life, and dynamics of bioactive compounds during cold storage of 17 edible flowers

In this study, 17 edible flowers (Allium ursinum L., Borago officinalis L., Calendula officinalis L., Centaurea cyanus L., Cichorium intybus L., Dianthus carthusianorum L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Leucanthemum vulgare (Vaill.) Lam., Paeonia officinalis L., Primula veris L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Rosa canina L., Rosa pendulina L., Salvia pratensis L., Sambucus nigra L., Taraxacum officinale Weber, and Tropaeolum majus L.) were investigated to assess their sensory profile at harvest and their shelf life and bioactive compounds dynamics during cold storage. The emerging market of edible flowers lacks this information; thus, the characteristics and requirements of different flower species were provided. In detail, a quantitative descriptive analysis was performed by trained panelists at flower harvest, evaluating 10 sensory descriptors (intensity of sweet, sour, bitter, salt, smell, specific flower aroma, and herbaceous aroma; spiciness, chewiness, and astringency). Flower visual quality, biologically active compounds content (total polyphenols and anthocyanins), and antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays) were evaluated both at harvest and during storage at 4 °C for 14 days to assess their shelf life. Generally, species had a wide range of peculiar sensory and phytochemical characteristics at harvest, as well as shelf life and bioactive compounds dynamics during postharvest. A strong aroma was indicated for A. ursinum, D. carthusianorum, L. angustifolia, and L. vulgare, while B. officinalis and C. officinalis had very low values for all aroma and taste descriptors, resulting in poor sensory profiles. At harvest, P. officinalis, R. canina, and R. pendulina exhibited the highest values of polyphenols (884–1271 mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g) and antioxidant activity (204–274 mmol Fe2+/kg for FRAP, 132–232 and 43–58 µmol of Trolox equivalent per g for DPPH and ABTS). The species with the longest shelf life in terms of acceptable visual quality was R. pendulina (14 days), followed by R. canina (10 days). All the other species lasted seven days, except for C. intybus and T. officinale that did not reach day 3. During cold storage, the content of bioactive compounds differed, as total phenolics followed a different trend according to the species and anthocyanins remained almost unaltered for 14 days. Considering antioxidant activity, ABTS values were the least variable, varying in only four species (A. ursinum, D. carthusianorum, L. angustifolia, and P. officinalis), while both DPPH and FRAP values varied in eight species. Taken together, the knowledge of sensory profiles, phytochemical characteristics and shelf life can provide information to select suitable species for the emerging edible flower market

Measures of central sensitisation and their measurement properties in the adult musculoskeletal trauma population: A protocol for a systematic review and data synthesis

Introduction Pain following musculoskeletal trauma is common with poor outcomes and disability well documented. Pain is complex in nature and can include the four primary mechanisms of pain: nociceptive, neuropathic, inflammatory and central sensitisation (CS). CS can be measured in multiple ways; however, no systematic review has evaluated the measurement properties of such measures in the musculoskeletal trauma population. This systematic review aims to evaluate the measurement properties of current measures of CS in this population. Methods/analysis This protocol is informed and reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis-P. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ZETOC, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar as well as key journals and grey literature will be searched in two stages to (1) identify what measures are being used to assess CS in this population and (2) evaluate the measurement properties of the identified measures. Two independent reviewers will conduct the search, extract the data, assess risk of bias for included studies and assess overall quality. The Consensus-based Standards for the selection of Health Measurement Instruments Risk of Bias Checklist and a modified Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines will be used. Meta-Analysis will be conducted if deemed appropriate. Alternatively, a narrative synthesis will be conducted and summarised per measurement property per outcome measure. Ethics and dissemination This review will aid clinicians in using the most appropriate tool for assessing central sensitisation in this population and is the first step towards a more standardised approach in pain assessment. The results of this study will be submitted to a peer reviewed journal and presented at conferences. PROSPERO registrationnumber CRD42018091531

La colección de vertebrados del Museo de Historia Natural Víctor Baca Aguinaga de la Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo (Lambayeque, Perú)

Se presenta el Catálogo de la Colección de Vertebrados expuesta en el Museo de Historia Natural Víctor Baca Aguinaga de la Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo (Lambayeque, Perú). La mayor parte de la colección de ámbito regional; proviene de la Colección del ingeniero Víctor Baca Aguinaga, quien dono su colección y es base de lo expuesto en el museo. Se exponen los ejemplares de especies de la región Lambayeque. Se proporciona información taxonómica y Atlas alfabético del material biológico.Palabras clave: museo, ciencias naturales, catálogo, colecciones, vertebrados

Reliability of temporal summation, thermal and pressure pain thresholds in a healthy cohort and musculoskeletal trauma population

Traumatic injuries affect approximately 978 million people worldwide with 56.2 million requiring inpatient care. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) can be useful in predicting outcome following trauma, however the reliability of multiple QST including temporal summation (TS), heat and cold pain thresholds (HPT, CPT) and pressure pain thresholds (PPT) is unknown. We assessed intra (between day) and inter-rater (within day) reliability of QST in asymptomatic participants (n = 21), and inter-rater (within day) reliability in participants presenting with acute musculoskeletal trauma (n = 25). Intra-class correlations with 95% confidence intervals (ICC 3,2), standard error of measurement (SEM) and Bland Altman Plots for limits of agreement were calculated. For asymptomatic participants, reliability was good to excellent for HPT (ICC range 0.76 0.95), moderate to good for PPT (ICC range 0.52 0.93), with one site rated poor (ICC 0.41), and poor to excellent for TS scores (ICC range 0.20 0.91). For musculoskeletal trauma participants reliability was good to excellent for HPT and PPT (ICC range 0.76 0.86), and moderate to good reliability for TS (ICC range 0.69 0.91). SEM for HPT for both sets of participants was 1°C and an average of 7N for asymptomatic participants and less than 8N for acute musculoskeletal trauma participants for PPT. This study demonstrates moderate to excellent intra and inter-rater reliability for HPT and PPT in asymptomatic participants and good to excellent inter-rater reliability for acute musculoskeletal trauma participants, with TS showing more variability for both sets of participants. This study provides foundations for future work evaluating the sensory function over time following acute musculoskeletal trauma

Mechanical properties of friction stir spot welding in aluminum alloy AA6063-T5

En este trabajo se realizaron soldaduras de punto utilizando la técnica de fricción-agitación, SFAP, sobre láminas traslapadas de aleación de aluminio 6063-T5, de 2,8 mm de espesor y un área de traslape de 25,4 mm2. El proceso de soldadura SFAP se realizó en una fresadora universal en variadas condiciones de velocidad de rotación y tiempo de sostenimiento; se mantuvieron constantes tanto la velocidad y la profundidad de la penetración; para determinar las propiedades mecánicas óptimas de dureza y resistencia mecánica; se caracterizaron los puntos de soldadura mediante ensayos de tensión, barridos de microdureza y análisis metalográfico. Los resultados permitieron concluir que mediante este proceso de soldadura se pueden obtener soldaduras de puntos con buena apariencia, sanidad en el área transversal de la unión, resistencia mecánica y además una adecuada homogeneidad, lo que las hace una alternativa ventajosa frente a los procesos de soldadura convencionales aplicados sobre aluminio.Abstract: In this work spot welds were made using the friction stir spot welding technique, FSSW, in overlapping aluminum alloy 6063-T5 sheets, with 2.8 mm thick and an overlap area of 25.4 mm2. The FSSW process was performed on a universal milling machine under variable conditions of rotational speed and dwell time, the penetration rate and length were maintained constant, to determine the optimal mechanical properties of hardness and mechanical strength, welds were characterized by tension testing, microhardness scans, and metallographic analysis. The results let us to conclude that spot welds with good appearance in the cross-sectional area, very good mechanical resistance and excellent homogeneity, can be obtained by this welding process, which does it a favorable alternative compare with conventional welding processes applied on aluminum alloys

Measures of central sensitization and their measurement properties in musculoskeletal trauma: A systematic review

Background and Objective: Chronic pain following musculoskeletal trauma is common, which may partially be attributed to the early presence of central sensitization (CS). Multiple measures are suggested to assess clinical features of CS, yet no systematic review has evaluated the measurement properties of these measures in a musculoskeletal trauma population. Databases and Data Treatment: This systematic review, which followed a published and PROSPERO registered protocol (CRD42018091531), aimed to establish the scope of CS measures used within a musculoskeletal trauma population and evaluate their measurement properties. Searches were conducted in two stages by two independent reviewers. The Consensus-based Standards for the selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist was used to evaluate risk of bias and overall quality was assessed using the modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Results: From 86 studies, 30 different CS outcome measures were identified. Nine studies evaluated measurement properties of nine outcome measures; eight evaluated reliability and one evaluated construct validity. Measures included seven quantitative sensory testing methods (pressure, cold and electrical pain thresholds; warm, cold and vibration detection thresholds; vibration perception thresholds), pain drawings and a pinwheel. Risk of bias was assessed as doubtful/inadequate for all but one study, overall quality of evidence was low/very low for all measures. Reliability of measures ranged from poor to excellent. Conclusions: Many measures are used to evaluate CS but with limited established measurement properties in musculoskeletal trauma. High quality research to establish measurement properties of CS outcome measures is required

Successful recovery following musculoskeletal trauma: protocol for a qualitative study of patients’ and physiotherapists’ perceptions

Background: Annually in the UK, 40,000–90,000 people are involved in a traumatic incident. Severity of injury and how well people recover from their injuries varies, with physiotherapy playing a key role in the rehabilitation process. Recovery is evaluated using multiple outcome measures for perceived levels of pain severity and quality of life. It is unclear however, what constitutes a successful recovery from injury throughout the course of recovery from the patient perspective, and whether this aligns with physiotherapists’ perspectives. Methods: A qualitative study using two approaches: Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis following the Kreuger framework for focus groups. A purposive sample of 20 patients who have experienced musculoskeletal trauma within the past 4 weeks and 12 physiotherapists who manage this patient population will be recruited from a single trauma centre in the UK. Semi-structured interviews with patients at 4 weeks, 6 and 12 months following injury, and 2 focus groups with physiotherapists will be undertaken at one time point. Views and perceptions on the definition of recovery and what constitutes a successful recovery will be explored using both methods, with a focus on the lived experience and patient journey following musculoskeletal trauma, and how this changes through the process of recovery. Data from both the semi-structured interviews and focus groups will be analysed separately and then integrated and synthesised into key themes ensuring similarities and differences are identified. Strategies to ensure trustworthiness e.g., reflexivity will be employed. Discussion: Recovery following musculoskeletal trauma is complex and understanding of the concept of successful recovery and how this changes over time following an injury is largely unknown. It is imperative to understand the patient perspective and whether these perceptions align with current views of physiotherapists. A greater understanding of recovery following musculoskeletal trauma has potential to change clinical care, optimise patient centred care and improve efficiency and clinical decision making during rehabilitation. This in turn can contribute to improved clinical effectiveness, patient outcome and patient satisfaction with potential service and economic cost savings. This study has ethical approval (IRAS 287781/REC 20/PR/0712)

Effect of movement-evoked and tonic experimental pain on muscle force production

Introduction: When performing an exercise or a functional test, pain that is evoked by movement or muscle contraction could be a stronger stimulus for changing how individuals move compared to tonic pain. We investigated whether the decrease in muscle force production is larger when experimentally-induced knee pain is directly associated to the torque produced (movement-evoked) compared to a constant painful stimulation (tonic). Methods: Twenty-one participants performed three isometric knee extension maximal voluntary contractions without pain (baseline), during pain, and after pain. Knee pain was induced using sinusoidal electrical stimuli at 10 Hz over the infrapatellar fat pad, applied continuously or modulated proportionally to the knee extension torque. Peak torque and contraction duration were averaged across repetitions and normalized to baseline. Results: During tonic pain, participants reported lower pain intensity during the contraction than at rest (p < 0.001), whereas pain intensity increased with contraction during movement-evoked pain (p < 0.001). Knee extension torque decreased during both pain conditions (p < 0.001), but a larger reduction was observed during movement-evoked compared to tonic pain (p < 0.001). Participants produced torque for longer during tonic compared to movement-evoked pain (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Our results indicate that movement-evoked pain was a more potent stimulus to reduce knee extension torque than tonic pain. The longer contraction time observed during tonic pain may be a result of a lower perceived pain intensity during muscle contraction. Overall, our results suggest different motor adaptation to tonic and movement-evoked pain and support the notion that motor adaptation to pain is a purposeful strategy to limit pain. This mechanistic evidence suggests that individuals experiencing prevalently tonic or movement-evoked pain may exhibit different motor adaptations, which may be important for exercise prescription