4,286 research outputs found
Cosmic Needles versus Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
It has been suggested by a number of authors that the 2.7K cosmic microwave
background (CMB) radiation might have arisen from the radiation from Population
III objects thermalized by conducting cosmic graphite/iron needle-shaped dust.
Due to lack of an accurate solution to the absorption properties of exceedingly
elongated grains, in existing literature which studies the CMB thermalizing
process they are generally modelled as (1) needle-like spheroids in terms of
the Rayleigh approximation; (2) infinite cylinders; and (3) the antenna theory.
We show here that the Rayleigh approximation is not valid since the Rayleigh
criterion is not satisfied for highly conducting needles. We also show that the
available intergalactic iron dust, if modelled as infinite cylinders, is not
sufficient to supply the required opacity at long wavelengths to obtain the
observed isotropy and Planckian nature of the CMB. If appealing to the antenna
theory, conducting iron needles with exceedingly large elongations (10^4)
appear able to provide sufficient opacity to thermalize the CMB within the iron
density limit. But the applicability of the antenna theory to exceedingly thin
needles of nanometer/micrometer in thickness needs to be justified.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures; submitted to ApJ
Fe I Oscillator Strengths for the Gaia-ESO Survey
The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey (GES) is conducting a large-scale
study of multi-element chemical abundances of some 100 000 stars in the Milky
Way with the ultimate aim of quantifying the formation history and evolution of
young, mature and ancient Galactic populations. However, in preparing for the
analysis of GES spectra, it has been noted that atomic oscillator strengths of
important Fe I lines required to correctly model stellar line intensities are
missing from the atomic database. Here, we present new experimental oscillator
strengths derived from branching fractions and level lifetimes, for 142
transitions of Fe I between 3526 {\AA} and 10864 {\AA}, of which at least 38
are urgently needed by GES. We also assess the impact of these new data on
solar spectral synthesis and demonstrate that for 36 lines that appear
unblended in the Sun, Fe abundance measurements yield a small line-by-line
scatter (0.08 dex) with a mean abundance of 7.44 dex in good agreement with
recent publications.Comment: Accepted for publication in Mon. Not. R. Astron. So
The influence of electron collisions on non-LTE Li line formation in stellar atmospheres
The influence of the uncertainties in the rate coefficient data for
electron-impact excitation and ionization on non-LTE Li line formation in cool
stellar atmospheres is investigated. We examine the electron collision data
used in previous non-LTE calculations and compare them to recent calculations
that use convergent close-coupling (CCC) techniques and to our own calculations
using the R-matrix with pseudostates (RMPS) method. We find excellent agreement
between rate coefficients from the CCC and RMPS calculations, and reasonable
agreement between these data and the semi-empirical data used in non-LTE
calculations up to now. The results of non-LTE calculations using the old and
new data sets are compared and only small differences found: about 0.01 dex (~
2%) or less in the abundance corrections. We therefore conclude that the
influence on non-LTE calculations of uncertainties in the electron collision
data is negligible. Indeed, together with the collision data for the charge
exchange process Li(3s) + H Li^+ + H^- now available, and barring the
existence of an unknown important collisional process, the collisional data in
general is not a source of significant uncertainty in non-LTE Li line formation
calculations.Comment: 8 pages, accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysics; Replaced with minor
corrections following proof
Light scattering by an elongated particle: spheroid versus infinite cylinder
Using the method of separation of variables and a new approach to
calculations of the prolate spheroidal wave functions, we study the optical
properties of very elongated (cigar-like) spheroidal particles. A comparison of
extinction efficiency factors of prolate spheroids and infinitely long circular
cylinders is made. For the normal and oblique incidence of radiation, the
efficiency factors for spheroids converge to some limiting values with an
increasing aspect ratio a/b provided particles of the same thickness are
considered.
These values are close to, but do not coincide with the factors for infinite
cylinders. The relative difference between factors for infinite cylinders and
elongated spheroids (a/b \ga 5) usually does not exceed 20 % if the following
approximate relation between the angle of incidence and
the particle refractive index m=n+ki takes the place: \alpha \ga 50 |m-1| + 5
where 1.2 \la n \la 2.0 and k \la 0.1. We show that the quasistatic
approximation can be well used for very elongated optically soft spheroids of
large sizes.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, Accepted by Measurement Science and Technology
(special OPC issue
New approaches to model and study social networks
We describe and develop three recent novelties in network research which are
particularly useful for studying social systems. The first one concerns the
discovery of some basic dynamical laws that enable the emergence of the
fundamental features observed in social networks, namely the nontrivial
clustering properties, the existence of positive degree correlations and the
subdivision into communities. To reproduce all these features we describe a
simple model of mobile colliding agents, whose collisions define the
connections between the agents which are the nodes in the underlying network,
and develop some analytical considerations. The second point addresses the
particular feature of clustering and its relationship with global network
measures, namely with the distribution of the size of cycles in the network.
Since in social bipartite networks it is not possible to measure the clustering
from standard procedures, we propose an alternative clustering coefficient that
can be used to extract an improved normalized cycle distribution in any
network. Finally, the third point addresses dynamical processes occurring on
networks, namely when studying the propagation of information in them. In
particular, we focus on the particular features of gossip propagation which
impose some restrictions in the propagation rules. To this end we introduce a
quantity, the spread factor, which measures the average maximal fraction of
nearest neighbors which get in contact with the gossip, and find the striking
result that there is an optimal non-trivial number of friends for which the
spread factor is minimized, decreasing the danger of being gossiped.Comment: 16 Pages, 9 figure
Maximizing electrical activation of ion-implanted Si in In0.53Ga0.47As
A relationship between the electrical activation of Si in ion-implanted Inâ.â
âGaâ.ââAs and material microstructure after ion implantation is demonstrated. By altering specimen temperature during ion implantation to control material microstructure, it is advanced that increasing sub-amorphizing damage (point defects) from Si+ implantation results in enhanced electrical activation of Si in Inâ.â
âGaâ.ââAs by providing a greater number of possible sites for substitutional incorporation of Si into the crystal lattice upon subsequent annealing.The authors acknowledge the Semiconductor Research
Corporation for funding this work
Gamow Shell Model Description of Neutron-Rich Nuclei
This work presents the first continuum shell-model study of weakly bound
neutron-rich nuclei involving multiconfiguration mixing. For the
single-particle basis, the complex-energy Berggren ensemble representing the
bound single-particle states, narrow resonances, and the non-resonant continuum
background is taken. Our shell-model Hamiltonian consists of a one-body finite
potential and a zero-range residual two-body interaction. The systems with two
valence neutrons are considered. The Gamow shell model, which is a
straightforward extension of the traditional shell model, is shown to be an
excellent tool for the microscopic description of weakly bound systems. It is
demonstrated that the residual interaction coupling to the particle continuum
is important; in some cases, it can give rise to the binding of a nucleus.Comment: 4 pages, More realistic s.p. energies used than in the precedent
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