On `orbital' and `spin' angular momentum of light in classical and quantum theories -- a general framework

We develop a general framework to analyze the two important and much discussed questions concerning (a) `orbital' and `spin' angular momentum carried by light and (b) the paraxial approximation of the free Maxwell system both in the classical as well as quantum domains. After formulating the classical free Maxwell system in the transverse gauge in terms of complex analytical signals we derive expressions for the constants of motion associated with its Poincar\'{e} symmetry. In particular, we show that the constant of motion corresponding to the total angular momentum ${\bf J}$ naturally splits into an `orbital' part ${\bf L}$ and a `spin' part ${\bf S}$ each of which is a constant of motion in its own right. We then proceed to discuss quantization of the free Maxwell system and construct the operators generating the Poincar\'{e} group in the quantum context and analyze their algebraic properties and find that while the quantum counterparts $\hat{{\bf L}}$ and $\hat{{\bf S}}$ of ${\bf L}$ and ${\bf S}$ go over into bona fide observables, they fail to satisfy the angular momentum algebra precluding the possibility of their interpretation as `orbital' and `spin' operators at the classical level. On the other hand $\hat{{\bf J}}=\hat{{\bf L}}+ \hat{{\bf S}}$ does satisfy the angular momentum algebra and together with $\hat{{\bf S}}$ generates the group $E(3)$. We then present an analysis of single photon states, paraxial quantization both in the scalar as well as vector cases, single photon states in the paraxial regime. All along a close connection is maintained with the Hilbert space $\mathcal{M}$ that arises in the classical context thereby providing a bridge between classical and quantum descriptions of radiation fields.Comment: Revtex 4-1 16 page

Analysis of structural changes observed in Prishtavamsha Sandhigatha Vata (osteoarthritis of vertebral column)

Prishtavamsha Sandhi (joints of vertebral column) is the Cheshtavantha Prathara (movable and floating) type of joint. Twenty four joints are present in Prishtavamsha (vertebral column). Intervertebral joints are the joints which connect vertebrae to each other consists of cartilaginous joints in between the vertebral bodies and synovial joint between vertebral arches. Sandhigatha Vata (osteo arthritis) is one among the Vatavyadhi, which can affect all joints in the body. Sandhigatha Vata (osteoarthritis) will be dominated with symptoms like pain, swelling and impairment of function. In Sandhigatha Vata (osteoarthritis), destruction occurs in the joints due to aggrevated Vata. But it is not clear about the type of destruction observed in the joints. To rule out the various structural changes observed in the joints of Prishtavamsha (vertebral column) this work is being undertaken. Among 100 patients suffering from Prishtavamsha Sandhigatha Vata (osteoarthritis of vertebral column), all patients showed structural changes, 38% having Intervertebral disc prolapse, 22% having spondylosis, 20% having osteophytes, 8% with Osteosclerosis, 6% having spondylolisthesis, 5% with fractures and 1 with stenosis justifies structural changes (Hanthi Sandhi) occurs in Sandhigatha Vata (osteoarthritis). All patients had pain and restricted movements, 80% patient had swelling which justifies the symptoms of Sandhigatha Vata (osteoarthritis)

The development of quantum, mechanics: a story of people, places and philosophies

A historical account of the development of quantum mechanics,and the roles played by many outstanding physicists, theirviews and philosophical attitudes is presented. Ingenious andpath-breaking experiments that helped this development alongare highlighted. Ideas and notions that initially arose in thecourse of discussions on foundations of quantum mechanicsand later paved the way for the emergence of the fieldof Quantum Information Science and Technology are brieflytouched upon

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF ELEVATED CO2 ON BIOEFFICACY OF BUPROFEZIN INSECTICIDE AGAINST BROWN PLANT HOPPER, Nilaparvata lugens (STÅL)

The effect of elevated CO2 (570±25ppm) on the brown plant hopper (BPH) population, rice yield parameters, and efficacy of buprofezin (0.05%) in terms of spray volume was studied in an open top chamber (OTCs) during rainy season 2017 and 2018. The pest population was observed to be higher during 2017 compared to the rainy season of 2018. Under elevated CO2, rice plants had more vegetative tillers (18%) and reproductive tillers (22.1%), but there was a decrease in 1000-seed weight (11.2%), seed number per panicle (3.91%), and grain yield (18.8%) in comparison to ambient CO2 grown rice plants. The spray volumes of 700, 600, 500, and 400 l/ha each caused higher BPH mortality under ambient CO2 compared to elevated CO2. A spray volume of 500 l/ha did not prove as effective under elevated CO2 as under ambient CO2. Lower efficacy of spray volume of 500 l/ha under elevated CO2 could be ascribed to higher canopy size under elevated CO2 due to higher tillering. Increased crop canopy size under elevated CO2 may thus require higher spray volume to ensure proper coverage. Results of the study suggested a need to revise spray volume recommendations to facilitate effective management of BPH under climate change

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF THRIPHALA RASAYANA IN PRIMARY HYPERLIPIDEMIA- AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY

Background: Elevated concentration of lipids in the blood is considered as the well-established and strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Primary hyperlipidaemia occurs solely due to interaction of mutated gene with unprecedented epidemiologic transitions associated with lifestyle changes and dietary patterns. Early detection and management of asymptomatic hyperlipidaemia is imperative to reduce the incidence of cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular and coronary artery diseases. Preferred screening test i.e. lipid panel test will be substantial on many levels including mortality, morbidity and staggering financial burden related with vascular endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic changes. Simple, low-cost and potential pharmacological interventions with Ayurveda drugs are highly beneficial in these preventable epidemics. The main ingredient, “Thriphala“ in the trial drug is considered as the best known rejuvenative (Rasayana) combination, which stimulate and correct the impaired inherent digestive capacity (Dhatwagni) by removing the inflammatory and obstructive causes (Srothorodha) associated with the dysfunctions in lipid metabolism. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of an Ayurveda formulation on lipid level in patients with primary Hyperlipidaemia. It also ascertains the safety of the therapeutic formulation by evaluating the variations in the blood biochemical parameters. Methods: The study design was an experimental comparative study intended to compare the effect of potentiated Thriphalarasayana with standard anti-lipidemic drug in primary hyperlipidaemia. 29 cases in study group and 15 samples in control group participated in the trial. The data was analysed by using appropriate statistical techniques. Results: In the study group the values of total cholesterol, LDL and Atherogenic index shows more significant result than the control group receiving conventional anti-lipidemic drug. Conclusion: strategies for early detection and comprehensive management with Ayurveda formulations can be highly effective in reducing the global burden of vascular dysfunction related with hyperlipidaemia

Prediction and management of natural disasters through indigenous Technical Knowledge, with special reference to fisheries

Traditional Indigenous knowledge has over the years played a significant role in solving several major social-ecological problems including those related to climate change and variability. People living close to nature often observe the circumstances around them and are the often the first to identify and adapt to any changes. The appearance of certain birds, mating of certain animals and flowering of certain plants are all seen as important signals of change with respect to timing and seasonality of natural phenomena that are well understood in traditional knowledge systems. Indigenous and local peoples have relied on biodiversity as a buffer against environmental variation, change and catastrophe

ANXIOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF MARINE MACROALGAE SARGASSUM ILICIFOLIUM AND PADINA TETRASTOMATICA IN MICE

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate an anxiolytic effect of chloroform and ethanol extract of Sargassum ilicifolium (SI) and Padina tetrastomatica (PT) in mice.Methods: Acute toxicity study was done as per OECD 423 guidelines. Based on acute toxicity studies, doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of SI and PT extracts were selected, and the anxiolytic activity was assessed using Elevated plus maze (EPM) and light/dark exploration (L/DE) tests.Results: Diazepam (2 mg/kg), the ethanol extract of SI (400 mg/kg) as well as ethanol extract of PT (600 mg/kg) significantly increased time spent and entries into the open arm in EPM test. In L/DE test Diazepam, chloroform extract (600 mg/kg) and ethanol extract (400 mg/kg) of SI as well as chloroform extract (600 mg/kg) and ethanol extract (600 mg/kg) of PT significantly increased time spent in light box and transition between the boxes.Conclusion: in the present investigation, ethanol extract at 400 and chloroform extract at 600 mg/kg of Sargassum ilicifolium as well as ethanol extract at 400 and 600 mg/kg and chloroform extract at 600 mg/kg of Padina tetrastomatica exhibited an anxiolytic effect in the experimental model of anxiety. However, additional research will be necessary to investigate the mechanism underlying this anxiolytic activity. Keywords: Sargassum ilicifolium, Padina tetrastomatica, Brown algae, Anxiolytic activit

Understanding Proximate Factors Associated With Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence by Men In India

At a time when there is a severe dearth of men centric versions of intimate partner violence and the perpetuation of the same by men shows anomalous surge around the world, it is essential to investigate the predictive factors of the same with its intricacies from perpetrators perspectives too. Understanding the factors instrumental in making perpetrators of violence, especially when violence on women is the demonstration of men's failure to appreciate the inherent poise and parity of women, can enable us to have policy interventions to involve men as a part of solution in our efforts towards combating all forms of violence, resulted from aggressive masculinity with gender stereotypes, which sanctions use of violence as well as a sense of entitlement over women. This study attempts to encapsulate the links between IPV perpetration and perpetrators' attitude towards gender equality, childhood gender inequity & violence experiences and explores the associations between education, age, occupation and income of perpetrators on IPV. A quantitative research design was followed in this study where 1600 men from four different districts, having different gender equality and development indices, within Gujarat, India were selected by proportionate random sampling. The results of this study vividly demonstrate the ubiquity of IPV, a petrifying crime pervasive around the world. It also underlines how strong and deeply rooted patriarchal attitudes internalised within men are intricately linked to their inclination towards IPV. Childhood gender inequity, as well as violence experiences of men, is also emerged as a set of proximate factors found to be significantly correlated with their propensity to be violent towards women. This study immensely contributes towards policy recommendations which will help generations to disapprove of violence on women and grow up with gender equity attitudes. &nbsp