Gender Determination Using Diagnostic Values of Foramen Magnum

Background: Foramen magnum is a big hole in the base of the skull. Its appearance can be useful in gender determination. So far, no study has been conducted in Iran that evaluates the value of foramen magnum in sex determination and calculates the cut-off points. This study aimed to evaluating of diagnostic value of the foramen magnum and to calculate the cut-off points for sex determination.Methods: In this cross sectional study 50 male and 50 female patients referring to the radiology department of Rasol Akram Hospital in Tehran were evaluated. The required information about the sagittal diameter, transverse diameter, and diameter of foramen magnum were assessed by brain CT scan. Chi-square and independent t test was used for the comparison of different shapes and diameters between the sexes. ROC curve was used to determine the optimal cut-off point for each indicator.Results: The best cut-off point to distinguish males from females along the anterior-posterior foramen magnum was calculated as 36.45 mm, at the transverse diameter of 30.4 mm. The proper cut-off points for the area of the foramen magnum were 877.477 mm2 and 870.29 mm2, based on the Teixeria formula and Routal formula respectively. Overall, the accuracy of these indicators was calculated as 85%.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study using CT scans images, the diameter of the foramen magnum and its area had a high accuracy in sex determination

The Relationship between Environmental, Cultural and Chronological Factors with the Frequency, Cause and Type of Burn Injuries Admitted to the Trauma and Burn Center Motahari Hospital, during the Years 2007to 2011

Background:One of the most important health associated problem are events, which burns considered the most common of them. To prevent burn and reduce the complication and mortality rate, accurate information of epidemiology of burn is essential for planning properly.This study was conducted to determine the relationship between environmental and cultural factors and the type, cause and extent of burn injuries admitted to the trauma and burn center of Motahari hospital during 1386 to 1390.Methods: In this routine data base study, we recruited all burned patients whichreferred to trauma andburncenter of ShahidMotahari hospital between 2007 and 2011. Mainvariables includingeconomic conditions, season ofoccurrenceof the accident,the accident tocurriedonspecial occasions, yearof accident, accidentstatuson holidays, type of injury, cause of injury, injuryseverity, burnarea, anddemographic variables such asage and gender were entered in checklist from patient’s documents.Collected data were entered into softwareSPSS version 11 and were analyzed.Results:5511 patients were admitted to Motahari hospital during the April of 1386 to the end of 1390, from which 1448 (26.3%) cases were female and 4063 (73.7%) male. The mean age of subjects was 28.47 (SD=1.88).There was significant difference between different gender and etiology, so that men were burned more by oil, gasoline and diesel fuel rather than women.There was significant difference about the number of burned cases by the flame at different seasons of the year. Average number of people burned by gas cylinders,electricity,caraccident,bitumen was significantly different in different seasons.Conclusion:There were significant differences about burn injuries due to the gas cylinders,bitumen,electricity and car accidents in different seasons and months.To inform burn centers, principalship of these data increases their ability to manage populated and harmful days. According to the higher rate of explosive burn injury in the last month of the year producing harmless explosive materials can be so effective to support patients lives

Nanotechnology and global energy demand: challenges and prospects for a paradigm shift in the oil and gas industry.

The exploitation of new hydrocarbon discoveries in meeting the present global energy demand is a function of the availability and application of new technologies. The relevance of new technologies is borne out of the complex subsurface architecture and conditions of offshore petroleum plays. Conventional techniques, from drilling to production, for exploiting these discoveries may require adaption for such subsurface conditions as they fail under conditions of high pressure and high temperature. The oil and gas industry over the past decades has witnessed increased research into the use of nanotechnology with great promise for drilling operations, enhanced oil recovery, reservoir characterization, production, etc. The prospect for a paradigm shift towards the application of nanotechnology in the oil and gas industry is constrained by evolving challenges with its progression. This paper gave a review of developments from nano-research in the oil and gas industry, challenges and recommendations

Synthesising executable gene regulatory networks in haematopoiesis from single-cell gene expression data

A fundamental challenge in biology is to understand the complex gene regulatory networks which control tissue development in the mammalian embryo, and maintain homoeostasis in the adult. The cell fate decisions underlying these processes are ultimately made at the level of individual cells. Recent experimental advances in biology allow researchers to obtain gene expression profiles at single-cell resolution over thousands of cells at once. These single-cell measurements provide snapshots of the states of the cells that make up a tissue, instead of the population-level averages provided by conventional high-throughput experiments. The aim of this PhD was to investigate the possibility of using this new high resolution data to reconstruct mechanistic computational models of gene regulatory networks. In this thesis I introduce the idea of viewing single-cell gene expression profiles as states of an asynchronous Boolean network, and frame model inference as the problem of reconstructing a Boolean network from its state space. I then give a scalable algorithm to solve this synthesis problem. In order to achieve scalability, this algorithm works in a modular way, treating different aspects of a graph data structure separately before encoding the search for logical rules as Boolean satisfiability problems to be dispatched to a SAT solver. Together with experimental collaborators, I applied this method to understanding the process of early blood development in the embryo, which is poorly understood due to the small number of cells present at this stage. The emergence of blood from Flk1+ mesoderm was studied by single cell expression analysis of 3934 cells at four sequential developmental time points. A mechanistic model recapitulating blood development was reconstructed from this data set, which was consistent with known biology and the bifurcation of blood and endothelium. Several model predictions were validated experimentally, demonstrating that HoxB4 and Sox17 directly regulate the haematopoietic factor Erg, and that Sox7 blocks primitive erythroid development. A general-purpose graphical tool was then developed based on this algorithm, which can be used by biological researchers as new single-cell data sets become available. This tool can deploy computations to the cloud in order to scale up larger high-throughput data sets. The results in this thesis demonstrate that single-cell analysis of a developing organ coupled with computational approaches can reveal the gene regulatory networks that underpin organogenesis. Rapid technological advances in our ability to perform single-cell profiling suggest that my tool will be applicable to other organ systems and may inform the development of improved cellular programming strategies.Microsoft Research PhD Scholarshi

Large-scale unit commitment under uncertainty: an updated literature survey

The Unit Commitment problem in energy management aims at finding the optimal production schedule of a set of generation units, while meeting various system-wide constraints. It has always been a large-scale, non-convex, difficult problem, especially in view of the fact that, due to operational requirements, it has to be solved in an unreasonably small time for its size. Recently, growing renewable energy shares have strongly increased the level of uncertainty in the system, making the (ideal) Unit Commitment model a large-scale, non-convex and uncertain (stochastic, robust, chance-constrained) program. We provide a survey of the literature on methods for the Uncertain Unit Commitment problem, in all its variants. We start with a review of the main contributions on solution methods for the deterministic versions of the problem, focussing on those based on mathematical programming techniques that are more relevant for the uncertain versions of the problem. We then present and categorize the approaches to the latter, while providing entry points to the relevant literature on optimization under uncertainty. This is an updated version of the paper "Large-scale Unit Commitment under uncertainty: a literature survey" that appeared in 4OR 13(2), 115--171 (2015); this version has over 170 more citations, most of which appeared in the last three years, proving how fast the literature on uncertain Unit Commitment evolves, and therefore the interest in this subject

New Solid State Sensor for Detection of Humidity, Based on Ni, Co, and Mn Oxide Nano Composite Doped with Lithium

The lithium doped metal oxide nano composite was fabricated by sol-gel method. The metal oxide nano composite was then sintered at 700 °C for 6 h. The metal oxide nano composite was characterized by solid-state electrical measurement, AAS, XRD, fr-IR, SEM, BET, AFM and TEM studies to analyze activation energy for conduction, surface morphology and pore structure of the sensor materials, respectively. The humidity sensing properties of metal oxide nano composite was measured by employing the sensor configuration of a cylindrical disk. The micropores of nano composite have a crucial role in humidity sensing. The materials was subjected to water vapor of different humidity achieve by various water buffers at room temperature and the electrical conductivity was measured as a function of relative humidity (RT). The electrical resistively drastically decreases with increase in humidity and hence proving the materials to be a good water vapor sensor. The sensitivity factor (Sf) of Li doped metal oxide nano composite has been increased 9.2 times as compare to the undoped metal oxide nano composite sensitivity factor. The response and recovery time of sensor was also measured

Pathologic lesions of liver, kidney and lung in the autopsy of 100 mustard gas-exposed Iranian war veterans

Background & Objectives: Respiratory, central nervous system, and skin complications of mustard gas toxicity have previously been studied; however, the liver and kidney side effects due to this intoxication have not been fully noted. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of liver, kidney and lung lesions in mustard gas-exposed Iranian veterans who had been exposed to the toxin almost 2 decades before. Methods: A total of 100 veteran bodies underwent autopsy by at least two forensic medicine specialists. The liver, kidney and lung specimens were sent for pathological examination and their lesions, severity of the lesions, and the relation between the type/severity of the lesions and the time elapsed since their appearance were studied. Results: A total of 83, 63, and 62 of the veterans had lung, liver, and kidney pathologies. The most common pathologies included liver steatosis, interstitial fibrosis of the kidney, and lung atelectasis. Conclusion: Liver and kidney pathologies are far more common than what is considered in the mustard gas-exposed veterans. These pathologies are often accompanied by very severe lung complications

Hydrogen Sensor Based on Carbon Nano-tube Fortified by Palladium

In this paper single-wall carbon Nano-tubes (SWNT) were prepared by using chemical – Thermal vapor deposition method and utilizing molybdenum and iron catalysts and silica alumina – base. Methane was passed over catalyst in optimum condition including passing speed equal to 4 lit/min and pressure of 1.27 bar for 2-25 minutes and temperature of furnace was equal to 980 °C and prepared carbon Nano-tubes were sublimated in 1600 °C to achieve 70 % yields. Diameter and specific area of Nano-tubes were 2-15 nm and 400-560 m2/g respectively. Various quantities of palladium chloride were inserted in carbon used for prepared Nano-tubes by utilizing vacuum evaporation which its optimum quantity was 0/10 g in order to enhance sensitivity of carbon Nano-tubes relative to hydrogen to make sensors appropriate for low temperatures. For investigation instruments and determining physical properties, XRD, AFM, SEM and TEM equipments have been applied and prepared. Hydrogen sensor is simple, low cost and ready to use in various environment

Enterobious vermicularis and the Appendix: Report of Five Cases

nterobious vermicularis, is the most common parasite occurring in man infecting about 10 % of population in developed countries (1). It is located predominantly in the caecum, appendix, and proximal areas of the ileum and colon (2). Despite its high prevalence, entero-biasis is not usually considered a serious disease, although ectopic infections can cause significant morbidity, most commonly in females (3). Another possible complications of entero-biasis is when this worm crawls itself to the lumen of the appendix leading to appear some clinical manifestations resemble to acute appendicitis. The association of E. vermicularis infection and acute appendicitis is controversial. During 2001-2006, 1533 removed appendices at Al-Zahra Medical Centre, affiliated to Isfa