A clash of cultures: The integration of user-generated content within professional journalistic frameworks at British newspaper websites

This study examines how national UK newspaper websites are integrating user-generated content (UGC). A survey quantifying the adoption of UGC by mainstream news organisations showed a dramatic increase in the opportunities for contributions from readers. In-depth interviews with senior news executives revealed this expansion is taking place despite residual doubts about the editorial and commercial value of material from the public. The study identified a shift towards the use of moderation due to editors’ persistent concerns about reputation, trust, and legal liabilities, indicating that UK newspaper websites are adopting a traditional gate-keeping role towards UGC. The findings suggest a gate-keeping approach may offer a model for the integration of UGC, with professional news organisations providing editorial structures to bring different voices into their news reporting, filtering and aggregating UGC in ways they believe to be useful and valuable to their audience. While this research looked at UGC initiatives in the context of the UK newspaper industry, it has broad relevance as professional journalists tend to share a similar set of norms. The British experience offers valuable lessons for news executives making their first forays into this area and for academics studying the field of participatory journalism

Fibrational induction meets effects

This paper provides several induction rules that can be used to prove properties of effectful data types. Our results are semantic in nature and build upon Hermida and Jacobs’ fibrational formulation of induction for polynomial data types and its extension to all inductive data types by Ghani, Johann, and Fumex. An effectful data type μ(TF) is built from a functor F that describes data, and a monad T that computes effects. Our main contribution is to derive induction rules that are generic over all functors F and monads T such that μ(TF) exists. Along the way, we also derive a principle of definition by structural recursion for effectful data types that is similarly generic. Our induction rule is also generic over the kinds of properties to be proved: like the work on which we build, we work in a general fibrational setting and so can accommodate very general notions of properties, rather than just those of particular syntactic forms. We give examples exploiting the generality of our results, and show how our results specialize to those in the literature, particularly those of Filinski and Støvring

THE ACCUSED IS ENTERING THE COURTROOM: THE LIVE-TWEETING OF A MURDER TRIAL.

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis GroupThe use of social media is now widely accepted within journalism as an outlet for news information. Live tweeting of unfolding events is standard practice. In March 2014, Oscar Pistorius went on trial in the Gauteng High Court for murder. Hundreds of journalists present began live-tweeting coverage, an unprecedented combination of international interest, permission to use technology and access which resulted in massive streams of consciousness reports of events as they unfolded. Based on a corpus of Twitter feeds of twenty-four journalists covering the trial, this study analyses the content and strategies of these feeds in order to present an understanding of how microblogging is used as a live reporting tool. This study shows the development of standardised language and strategies in reporting on Twitter, concluding that journalists adopt a narrow range of approaches, with no significant variation in terms of gender, location, or medium. This is in contrast to earlier studies in the field (Awad, 2006, Hedman, 2015; Kothari, 2010; Lariscy, Avery, Sweetser, & Howes, 2009 Lasorsa, 2012; Lasorsa, Lewis, & Holton, 2011; Sigal, 1999, Vis, 2013).Peer reviewe

Dealing with the mess (we made): Unraveling hybridity, normativity, and complexity in journalism studies

In this article, we discuss the rise and use of the concept of hybridity in journalism studies. Hybridity afforded a meaningful intervention in a discipline that had the tendency to focus on a stabilized and homogeneous understanding of the field. Nonetheless, we now need to reconsider its deployment, as it only partially allows us to address and understand the developments in journalism. We argue that if scholarship is to move forward in a productive manner, we need, rather than denote everything that is complex as hybrid, to develop new approaches to our object of study. Ultimately, this is an open invitation to the field to adopt experientialist, practice-based approaches that help us overcome the ultimately limited binary dualities that have long governed our theoretical and empirical work in the field

Generic Fibrational Induction

This paper provides an induction rule that can be used to prove properties of data structures whose types are inductive, i.e., are carriers of initial algebras of functors. Our results are semantic in nature and are inspired by Hermida and Jacobs' elegant algebraic formulation of induction for polynomial data types. Our contribution is to derive, under slightly different assumptions, a sound induction rule that is generic over all inductive types, polynomial or not. Our induction rule is generic over the kinds of properties to be proved as well: like Hermida and Jacobs, we work in a general fibrational setting and so can accommodate very general notions of properties on inductive types rather than just those of a particular syntactic form. We establish the soundness of our generic induction rule by reducing induction to iteration. We then show how our generic induction rule can be instantiated to give induction rules for the data types of rose trees, finite hereditary sets, and hyperfunctions. The first of these lies outside the scope of Hermida and Jacobs' work because it is not polynomial, and as far as we are aware, no induction rules have been known to exist for the second and third in a general fibrational framework. Our instantiation for hyperfunctions underscores the value of working in the general fibrational setting since this data type cannot be interpreted as a set.Comment: For Special Issue from CSL 201

Association of increased fibrinogen concentration with impaired activation of anticoagulant protein C

BACKGROUND: Low levels of activated protein C (APC) are a risk factor for venous thrombosis. The mechanisms leading to interindividual differences in APC are not totally elucidated. Protein C is activated by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. As thrombin binds to fibrinogen and thrombomodulin through a common region, it is conceivable that fibrinogen influences the activation of protein C. This would help to explain the association between high levels of fibrinogen and an increased thrombotic risk. METHODS: We analyzed the association between circulating APC levels and fibrinogen concentration in 382 healthy subjects. Subsequently, we studied the effect of increasing fibrinogen concentrations on the APC generation on cultured endothelial cells. RESULTS: An independent inverse association between circulating APC levels and fibrinogen was found [betacoefficient, -0.16; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) -0.26, -0.06; P = 0.001]. For each 100 mg dL(-1) increase in fibrinogen, the independent risk of having low APC levels (<0.7 ng mL(-1)) was almost three times higher (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.1, 7.2; P = 0.04). Accordingly, a notable association between increasing fibrinogen concentrations and the reduction in the thrombin-thrombomodulin dependent activation of protein C on endothelial cells was found (r = -0.57; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: We present evidence of an inverse association between circulating APC and fibrinogen levels. According to this finding together with the results of our in vitro experiments, we propose that the impairment in the generation of APC on endothelial cells constitutes a new prothrombotic mechanism of fibrinogen

Occupational and leisure time physical activity in contrasting relation to ambulatory blood pressure

Background: While moderate and vigorous leisure time physical activities are well documented to decrease the risk for cardiovascular disease, several studies have demonstrated an increased risk for cardiovascular disease in workers with high occupational activity. Research on the underlying causes to the contrasting effects of occupational and leisure time physical activity on cardiovascular health is lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the relation of objective and self-report measures of occupational and leisure time physical activity with 24-h ambulatory systolic blood pressure (BP). Methods: Results for self-reported physical activity are based on observations in 182 workers (60% male, mean age 51 years), while valid objective physical activity data were available in 151 participants. The usual level of physical activity was assessed by 5 items from the Job Content Questionnaire (high physical effort, lifting heavy loads, rapid physical activity, awkward body positions and awkward positions of head or arms at work) and one item asking about the general level of physical activity during non-working time. On a regular working day, participants wore an ambulatory BP monitor and an accelerometer physical activity monitor during 24 h. Associations were examined by means of Analysis of Covariance. Results: Workers with an overall high level of self-reported occupational physical activity as well as those who reported to often lift heavy loads at work had a higher mean systolic BP at work, at home and during sleep. However, no associations were observed between objectively measured occupational physical activity and BP. In contrast, those with objectively measured high proportion of moderate and vigorous leisure time physical activity had a significantly lower mean systolic BP during daytime, while no differences were observed according to self-reported level of leisure time physical activity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that workers reporting static occupational physical activities, unlike general physically demanding tasks characterized by dynamic movements of large muscle groups, are related to a higher daily systolic BP, while high objective levels of moderate and vigorous leisure time physical activity are related to lower daytime systolic BP. Ambulatory systolic BP may be a physiological explanatory factor for the contrasting effects of occupational and leisure time physical activity

Database model and specification of GermOnline Release 2.0, a cross-species community annotation knowledgebase on germ cell differentiation

Summary: GermOnline is a web-accessible relational database that enables life scientists to make a significant and sustained contribution to the annotation of genes relevant for the fields of mitosis, meiosis, germ line development and gametogenesis across species. This novel approach to genome annotation includes a platform for knowledge submission and curation as well as microarray data storage and visualization hosted by a global network of servers. Availability: The database is accessible at http://www.germonline.org/. For convenient world-wide access we have set up a network of servers in Europe (http://germonline.unibas.ch/; http://germonline.igh.cnrs.fr/), Japan (http://germonline.biochem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/) and USA (http://germonline.yeastgenome.org/). Supplementary information: Extended documentation of the database is available through the link ‘About GermOnline' at the website

Microanatomy of the respiratory system of Bufo arenarum and Melanophryniscus stelzneri stelzneri (Anura, Bufonidae)

En el presente estudio se ha determinado que la microanatomíadel sistema respiratorio de B. arenarum y M.s.stelzneri son enalgunos aspectos muy diferentes. Utilizando técnicas macroscópicas, de microscopía óptica y demicroscopía electrónica, se caracterizaron anatómicamente ehistológicamente el sistema respiratorio de ambas especies. Para ellose dividió el estudio en I) vías aéreas extrapulmonares, II) pulmón y III) cuerpos neuroepiteliales. Las vías extrapulmonares están reducidas a una laringotráqueaconstituida por un par de cartílagos aritenoides y el cricoides. En B.arenarum a diferencia de M. s. stelzneri la laringotráquea estádividida en dos cámaras, una anterior y otra posterior delimitadasambas por membranas. La mucosa que reviste el lumen de lalaringotráquea así como las membranas que tapizan las cámaraspresenta una diversidad celular importante. En B. arenarum la últimaporción de la laringotráquea se continúa con dos cámaras “bronquiales” que se abren cada una de ellas a un pulmón mientrasque en M.s. stelzneri la laringotráquea se comunica directamente conlos pulmones. Los pulmones son diferentes en ambas especies. En B.arenarum la estructura interna es más compleja por la presencia detres tipos de septos: primarios, secundarios y terciarios concaracterísticas histológicas propias, mientras que en M. s. stelzneri laorganización interna es simple por la presencia solamente de septosterciarios. El parénquima pulmor es del tipo faveolar para B.arenarum y edicular para M. s. stelzneri. El epitelio respiratorio estáconstituido por neumocitos los cuales emiten prolongacionescitoplasmáticas que cubren a los capilares sanguíneos. Estasprolongaciones junto con el endotelio de los capilares constituyen labarrera de intercambio gaseoso. En M.s. stelzneri se determinó la presencia sobre los septos decuerpos neuroepiteliales a los cuales se les adjudica una posiblefunción secretora y/o receptora.The present study has determined that the microanatomy of therespiratory system of B. arenarum and M.s.stelzneri are different insome aspects. Light and electron microscopy were used to study the anatomyand histology of the respiratory system of both species. For it wasdivided it the study in I) extrapulmonary airways, II) lung and III)neuroepithelial bodies. The extrapulmonary airways in these species are reduced to alaryngotrachea constituted by a couple of arytenoid cartilages and acricoid cartilage. In B. arenarum contrary to M.s.stelzneri thelaryngotrachea is divided in two laryngeal chambers, anterior andposterior. The epithelia of the chambers as well as the membranesthat limit this chambers present an important cellular diversity. In B.arenarum the last portion of the laryngotrachea connected with twobronchial chambers which give out onto the lung. The lungs in both species are different. In B. arenarum theinternal structure is more complex by the presence of three types ofsepta: first, second and third order. In M.s. stelzneri the parenchymaforms a polygonal network arrangement, therefore the parenchyma isedicular in both. These space are delimited by the interconnection ofsepta which are covered by respiratory epithelium. This epitheliumconsists of one type of pneumocytes, which emit a thin cytoplasmicprocess that cover the pulmonary capillaries to form the outer layerof the air-blood barrier. In M.s. stelzneri neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) appear randomlydistributed over the septa. Each NEB consists of special cells, thecorpuscular cells (cc) which contains numerous dense core vesicles (dcv). The NEB are associated with afferent and efferent terminalnerves. The location of the NEB, the presence of the dcv, theoccurrence of synaptic contacts between nerve endings and the ccand the occurrence of capillaries close to the NEB, suggest areceptosecretory function for the NEB in the lung of M.s. stelzneri.Fil: Hermida, Gladys N.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina