Magnetospheric considerations for solar system ice state

The current lattice configuration of the water ice on the surfaces of the inner satellites of Jupiter and Saturn is likely shaped by many factors. But laboratory experiments have found that energetic proton irradiation can cause a transition in the structure of pure water ice from crystalline to amorphous. It is not known to what extent this process is competitive with other processes in solar system contexts. For example, surface regions that are rich in water ice may be too warm for this effect to be important, even if the energetic proton bombardment rate is very high. In this paper, we make predictions, based on particle flux levels and other considerations, about where in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn the ∼MeV proton irradiation mechanism should be most relevant. Our results support the conclusions of Hansen and McCord (2004), who related relative level of radiation on the three outer Galilean satellites to the amorphous ice content within the top 1 mm of surface. We argue here that if magnetospheric effects are considered more carefully, the correlation is even more compelling. Crystalline ice is by far the dominant ice state detected on the inner Saturnian satellites and, as we show here, the flux of bombarding energetic protons onto these bodies is much smaller than at the inner Jovian satellites. Therefore, the ice on the Saturnian satellites also corroborates the correlation

Perancangan Konfigurasi Struktur Tower dan Pembuatan Bilah Komposit (Sandwich) untuk Aplikasi Turbin Angin

Tower is a structure vertically designed that the blades and other components attached. The process for structural design for the tower starts by identifying all of the requirements, and then specifies the desired design criteria. The desired design criteria are high strength, low cost, lightweight, does not require a large area, ease of assembly and transport. The proposed tower types are guyed, lattice, and tubular. The analysis result shows that the lattice tower type matches with the design criteria. The next processes are modeling and stress analyzing using MSC Patran/Nastran. The maximum stress is 42 Newton per milimeters square and the Margin of safety (MS) value is 7.815, so the structure is safe. In the process of making the composite sandwich wind blades, it is starts with the creation of the master molding, mold, foam cores and assembly. The results of the three blades were made indicate by a difference in weight. It is caused by the manufacturing system (manual). However, the difference is still relevant or good because it is less than 5 percent

Energy spectrum of turbulent fluctuations in boundary driven reduced magnetohydrodynamics

The nonlinear dynamics of a bundle of magnetic flux ropes driven by stationary fluid motions at their endpoints is studied, by performing numerical simulations of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The development of MHD turbulence is shown, where the system reaches a state that is characterized by the ratio between the Alfven time (the time for incompressible MHD waves to travel along the field lines) and the convective time scale of the driving motions. This ratio of time scales determines the energy spectra and the relaxation toward different regimes ranging from weak to strong turbulence. A connection is made with phenomenological theories for the energy spectra in MHD turbulence.Comment: Published in Physics of Plasma

The Spirit of the Corps: The British Army and the Pre-National Pan-European Military World and the Origins of American martial culture, 1754-1783

"The Spirit of the Corps: The British Army and the Pre-national Pan-European Military World and the Origins of American Martial Culture,1754-1783," argues that during the eighteenth-century there was a transnational martial culture of European soldiers, analogous to the maritime world of sailors and the sea and attempts to identify the key elements of this martial culture, as reflected in the mid-eighteenth-century British Army, and briefly describes its transmission to the army of the United States. "The Spirit of the Corps" describes a pan-European military world had it origins in the wars of religion that engulfed Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth-centuries, and was a long established institution by the eighteenth-century. "The Spirit of the Corps" suggests that honor provided the justification and raison d'etre for the pan-European military world, and could be found embodied in the officer's gentlemanly sense of honor, and the espirit de corps of the rank and file. "The Spirit of the Corps" goes on to describe other important elements of the pan-European martial culture which included: weak military discipline and a relative loose control over soldiers which resulted in the soldier's life being viewed as one of relative freedom, the operation of an implicit contract between followers and leaders, a military community that included non-combatants, women, and children, a process of martial enculturation, a sense of military style that extended into drill and uniforms, and espirit de corps which loomed especially large during an era when nationalism and ideology were relatively minor factors. "The Spirit of the Corps" concludes by arguing that the Continental Line of the American Revolution was imbued with the culture of the British Army, and the pan-European military world; in its turn, this pan-European martial culture was, transmitted to the regular army of the United States were its presence could be seen clearly as late as 1940, and in some ways, can still be detected today

APPLICATION OF SMALL BASELINE SUBSET (SBAS) TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS FOR LANDSLIDE DETECTION IN HAWAIʻI

M.S

Immunogenicity of a 24-Valent Klebsiella Capsular Polysaccharide Vaccine and an Eight-Valent Pseudomonas O-Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine Administered to Victims of Acute Trauma

We measured the antibody response in 10 victims of acute blunt trauma and penetrating trauma who were immunized against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas species within 72 hours of injury. The two vaccines, which were previously shown to be safe and immunogenic in uninjured humans, were a 24-valent K. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide vaccine and an eight-valent Pseudomonas a-polysaccharide-toxin A conjugate vaccine. The patients were between 18 and 44 years of age, had Injury Severity Scores that ranged between 9 and 34, and did not have chronic infections or malignancies. On days 14 and 28 after immunization, all patients had a response of greater than fourfold to at least six of the nine Pseudomonas vaccine antigens. Half of the patients responded to eight of the nine antigens. Nine patients responded to at least 18 of 24 Klebsiella antigens, and seven patients responded to 22 of the 24 antigens. No important side effects were attributed to the vaccines. The results of this preliminary study indicate that active immunization against potential pathogens is possible in victims of acute traum

Perancangan Awal Scale Model Glider Stta-25-02_sailplane

The knowledge and experience in aircraft design, especially for glider or sailplane are very important to have. Today, process of designing glider developed so rapidly, especially in America and Europe, one of the significant achievement is the performance aspect of glider. For example, the German-built Eta has a wingspan 30.78 m, aspect ratio 51 and wing loading 50.97 kg/m2, with glide angle of 0.8 degree and 3 km altitude, the glider able to fly 213 km in horizontal direction. Therefore, as the first step to understand the preliminary design of glider, it is important to start with designing a scale model glider STTA-25-02_Sailplane. The goals of this design are to get geometry and configuration of the glider, to obtained stability of glider and to gain performance data that meet with design requirements and objectives data (DR&O). The conclusions from the preliminary design of scale model glider STTA-25-02_Sailplane are the geometry and configuration are good, for example the achivement in performance, the minimum sink rate 0.52 m/s, the glide ratio more than 20 at a cruising speed over 13 m/s, stall speed 11.45 m/s at angle of attack 0 degree. In addition glider STTA-25-02_Sailplane has static and dynamic stability, the static stability condition is indicated by the value of trim angle is positive 1 degree, curve of Cma and Clfi has negative slope, Cnfi curve has positive slope. The dynamic stability condition is indicated by the eigen value for each mode o f movement are negative except on phugoid and spiral mode, eigen value for short period -5.7681 ± 7.0010, phugoid 0.0403 ± 1.1136, rool damping -32.6243, dutch roll -1.0468 ± 3.4891 and spiral 0.1467. Positive eigen value on phugoid and spiral mode can be solved by adding a control parameter of the controlsurfaces

Rough Surfaces: Is the Dark Stuff Just Shadow?: "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The shadow knows!"

Remote observations of the surfaces of airless planetary objects are fundamental to inferring the physical structure and compositional makeup of the surface material. A number of forward models have been developed to reproduce the photometric behavior of these surfaces, based on specific, assumed structural properties such as macroscopic roughness and associated shadowing. Most work of this type is applied to geometric albedos, which are affected by complicated effects near zero phase angle that represent only a tiny fraction of the net energy reflected by the object. Other applications include parameter fits to resolved portions of some planetary surface as viewed over a range of geometries. The spherical albedo of the entire object (when it can be determined) captures the net energy balance of the particle more robustly than the geometric albedo. In most treatments involving spherical albedos, spherical albedos and particle phase functions are often treated as if they are independent, neglecting the effects of roughness. In this paper we take a different approach. We note that whatever function captures the phase angle dependence of the brightness of a realistic rough, shadowed, flat surface element relative to that of a smooth granular surface of the same material, it is manifested directly in both the integral phase function and the spherical albedo of the object. We suggest that, where broad phase angle coverage is possible, spherical albedos may be easily corrected for the effects of shadowing using observed (or assumed) phase functions, and then modeled more robustly using smooth-surface regolith radiative transfer models without further imposed (forward-modeled) shadowing corrections. Our approach attributes observed "power law" phase functions of various slope (and "linear" ranges of magnitude-vs.-phase angle) to shadowing, as have others, and goes on to suggest that regolith-model-based inferences of composition based on shadow-uncorrected spherical albedos overestimate the amount of absorbing material contained in the regolith

Exploring the role of low-density neutrophils during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by infection with the bacteriu

The Pragmatist in Context of a National Science Foundation Supported Grant Program Evaluation: Guidelines and Paradigms

Background:  The philosophical underpinnings of evaluation guidelines set forth by a funding agency can sometimes seem inconsistent with that of the intervention. Purpose: Our purpose is to introduce questions pertaining to the contrast between the instructional program’s underlying philosophical beliefs and assumptions and those underlying our evaluation approach. Drawing heavily on Scriven, we discuss these from a pragmatist evaluation stance in light of issues defined by Lincoln and Guba (2000). The discussion is couched in the evaluation of an innovative approach to teaching computer science. Setting: Auburn University, Auburn, AL Intervention: The evaluation is designed to investigate the effects of a studio-based teaching approach in computer science education. The evaluation framework employs a rigorous design that seeks to provide evidence to support or refute some assumed truth about the object (or construct) investigated. The program evaluated is steeped in a constructivist framework which assumes that no universal truth or reality exists, but rather, is constructed by the individual. Research Design: Our evaluation design, to a good extent, reflects a post-positivist, quasi-experimental position. We also include a qualitative component using student interviews. Data Collection and Analysis: Evidence of the effectiveness of the instructional approach for learning is assessed quantitatively using pre- and post-test and pre- and post-survey data group comparisons (mixed design ANOVA). Interviews provide the basis for qualitative theme analysis. Findings: Quantitative results were somewhat weak but consistent in support of the studio-based teaching. Interview data suggest that most students did find working in groups enjoyable and a valuable experience