The effect of ultrasonic energy on the enhancement of the biodegradability of food waste

In this study, the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on the physicochemical property changes and methane production potential of anaerobic digestion of food waste was investigated. The study, involving a laboratory experimentation by sonicating 200 mL of food waste sample, was investigated at different sonication times (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 min), and the specific energy input ranged from 5,396 to 25,997 kJ/kg total solid. The experimental results found that the mean particle size diameter (d50) of the ultrasonically treated food waste decreased from 59 to 21.9 μm with the specific surface area increasing from 0.523 to 1.2 μm2/g. This is evidenced in the food waste morphological structure changes from particles or granules varying in size and shape from small to large and round to oval or unsymmetrical shaped when the food waste samples were sonicated in the range of 2–10 min as shown by scanning electron microscopy. The value of soluble chemical oxygen demand was increased about 34–40% while the degree of disintegration was recorded as 57.15, 61.10, 71.08, 68.94, and 68.68%, respectively. The CODsolubilization was achieved around 11.4, 11.8, 13.4, 12.7, and 13.2%, when the food waste sample was sonicated at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min, respectively. This CODsolubilization correlated well with DD when the linear relationship was shown by R2 = 0.945. The result shows that the use of sonicated food waste in the anaerobic digestion process has increased about 45.9, 40.3, 46.6, 64.4, and 70.5% of cumulative CH4 production rates in the food waste sample sonicated at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 min, respectively, when compared to the non-sonicated food waste sample

S17(0) Determined from the Coulomb Breakup of 83 MeV/nucleon 8B

A kinematically complete measurement was made of the Coulomb dissociation of 8B nuclei on a Pb target at 83 MeV/nucleon. The cross section was measured at low relative energies in order to infer the astrophysical S factor for the 7Be(p,gamma)8B reaction. A first-order perturbation theory analysis of the reaction dynamics including E1, E2, and M1 transitions was employed to extract the E1 strength relevant to neutrino-producing reactions in the solar interior. By fitting the measured cross section from Erel = 130 keV to 400 keV, we find S17(0) = 17.8 (+1.4, -1.2) eV b

Peran Kepercayaan Politik Dan Kepuasan Demokrasi Terhadap Partisipasi Politik Mahasiswa

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan hubungan kepercayaan politik dan kepuasan demokrasi dengan partisipasi politik mahasiswa. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 307 mahasiswa yang berasal dari Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, Universitas Riau dan Universitas Islam Riau. Dalam mengumpulkan data menggunakan metode survey dengan kuesioner tentang kepercayaan politik, kepuasan demokrasi serta partisipasi politik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan yang positif antara kepercayaan politik dan kepuasan demokrasi terhadap tingkat partisipasi politik mahasiswa. Artinya, semakin tinggi kepercayaan politik dan kepuasan demokrasi, maka semakin tinggi tingkat partisipasi politik mahasiswa. Sementara kepuasan demokrasi tidak berhubungan langsung dengan partisipasi politik tetapi melalui kepercayaan politik. Artinya kepercayaan politik menjadi variabel mediator antara kepuasan demokrasi dan partisipasi politik

Asymptotic normalization coefficient of ^{8}B from breakup reactions and the S_{17} astrophysical factor

We show that asymptotic normalization coefficients (ANC) can be extracted from one nucleon breakup reactions of loosely bound nuclei at 30-300 MeV/u. In particular, the breakup of ^{8}B is described in terms of an extended Glauber model. The 8B ANC extracted for the ground state of this nucleus from breakup data at several energies and on different targets, C^2 = 0.450+/-0.039} fm^-1, leads to the astrophysical factor S_{17}(0)= 17.4+/-1.5 eVb for the key reaction for solar neutrino production 7Be(p,gamma)8B. The procedure described here is more general, providing an indirect method to determine reaction rates of astrophysical interest with beams of loosely bound radioactive nuclei.Comment: 4 pages, RevTex, 3 figures revised version to appear in Phys Rev Let

Asymptotic normalization coefficients for 8B->7Be+p from a study of 8Li->7Li+n

Asymptotic normalization coefficients (ANCs) for 8Li->7Li+n have been extracted from the neutron transfer reaction 13C(7Li,8Li)12C at 63 MeV. These are related to the ANCs in 8B->7Be+p using charge symmetry. We extract ANCs for 8B that are in very good agreement with those inferred from proton transfer and breakup experiments. We have also separated the contributions from the p_1/2 and p_3/2 components in the transfer. We find the astrophysical factor for the 7Be(p,gamma)8B reaction to be S_17(0)=17.6+/-1.7 eVb. This is the first time that the rate of a direct capture reaction of astrophysical interest has been determined through a measurement of the ANCs in the mirror system.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 2 table

Diversity and composition of beetles (Order: Coleoptera) in three different ages of oil palms in Lekir Oil Palm Plantation, Perak, Malaysia

The diversity and composition of beetles from oil palm plantation in Ladang Lekir, Perak, Malaysia were collected each month using Malaise trap, yellow pan and window traps from three different sites on the basis of their oil palm aged i.e. five (Plot 1), seven (Plot 2) and 12 (Plot 3) years old from November 2015 to October 2016. From 3862 individuals, 110 species and 83 morphospecies from 40 families and 59 subfamilies were successfully collected. From all samples recorded, the five years old oil palm showed the highest Shannon Diversity Index (H' = 3.42), Peilou Equality Index (E' = 0.23) and Margalef Richness Index (R’= 17.33) with species accumulation curve near to asymptote. The most abundant species recorded from the three sites was Elaeidobius kamerunicus with 940 individuals (relative abundance, RA = 24%). Plot 1 had the highest beetle species with 132 individuals (68.4%), while Plot 2 was the lowest with 85 individuals (44%). The t-test analysis showed that there was no significant difference in term of the diversity index (H’) between Plot 3 and Plot 2 (p-value=0.092), while there were significant differences between these two plots (Plot 2 and Plot 3) with Plot 1 (p-value= 0.47 and 0.046). This study would provide basic information for future research in sustainable oil palm plantations management in Malaysia

Effect of waterjet cleaning parameters during paint removal operation on automotive steel components

The automotive industry is expanding quickly, and each year, many vehicles are produced with beautiful paints. Increases in the number of end-of-life or old vehicles will occur as a result of uncontrolled growth in the number of manufactured vehicles. Recycling car parts is therefore necessary in the automotive industry specially to beautify the appearance of old vehicles with new paint. Waterjet cleaning is one of the most contemporary techniques frequently employed to guarantee uniform paint removal with no secondary pollutions. Study on waterjet cleaning parameters mostly focuses on pressure, traverse rate, and standoff distance. However, there are other new parameters associated with waterjet cleaning process namely number of cleaning passes and overlap rate which shows improvement in paint removal but lack in literature reviews. In the present study, paint is removed using the abrasive waterjet (AWJ) and plain waterjet (PWJ) paint removal techniques from parts made for automobiles in order to examine cleaning characteristics such as effectiveness and surface roughness. The findings indicated that AWJ cleaning process was more effective at cleaning than PWJ, which had a smaller cleaning capacity. However, AWJ cleaning process resulted in a rougher surface due to complete removal of paints as well as erosion of the substrate material. A better control of AWJ cleaning process may result in more efficient of paint removal without damaging the substrate material

How unique is the Asymptotic Normalisation Coefficient (ANC) method?

The asymptotic normalisation coefficients (ANC) for the vertex $^{10}$B $\to$ $^9$Be + p is deduced from a set of different proton transfer reactions at different energies. This set should ensure the peripheral character of the reaction and availability of data for the elastic channels. The problems associated with the characteristics of the data and the analysis are discussed. For a subgroup of the set of available data, the uniqueness property of the extracted ANC is fulfilled. However, more measurements are needed before a definite conclusion can be drawn.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, to be published in Phys Rev