Kelsen en la encrucijada: Ciencia jurídica e interpretación del derecho

El presente trabajo sostiene que, cuando se conectan las tesis kelsenianas sobre la ciencia jurídica con aquellas sobre la interpretación del derecho, el resultado es un método para el estudio del derecho con una relevancia práctica sumamente limitada. Fara demostrar tal hipótesis, se comienza analizando la teoría de la interpretación de Kelsen. A continuación, se analizan otras causas -contempladas por el propio Kelsen- de indeterminación del derecho. Por último, se analizan dos posibles interpretaciones de la ciencia jurídica kelseniana para, finalmente, mostrar cómo ninguna de ellas resulta satisfactoria a la luz de su teoría de la interpretación

Bulk spectral function sum rule in QCD-like theories with a holographic dual

We derive the sum rule for the spectral function of the stress-energy tensor in the bulk (uniform dilatation) channel in a general class of strongly coupled field theories. This class includes theories holographically dual to a theory of gravity coupled to a single scalar field, representing the operator of the scale anomaly. In the limit when the operator becomes marginal, the sum rule coincides with that in QCD. Using the holographic model, we verify explicitly the cancellation between large and small frequency contributions to the spectral integral required to satisfy the sum rule in such QCD-like theories.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figure

The asparagine-transamidosome from Helicobacter pylori: a dual-kinetic mode in non-discriminating aspartyl-tRNA synthetase safeguards the genetic code

Helicobacter pylori catalyzes Asn-tRNAAsn formation by use of the indirect pathway that involves charging of Asp onto tRNAAsn by a non-discriminating aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (ND-AspRS), followed by conversion of the mischarged Asp into Asn by the GatCAB amidotransferase. We show that the partners of asparaginylation assemble into a dynamic Asn-transamidosome, which uses a different strategy than the Gln-transamidosome to prevent the release of the mischarged aminoacyl-tRNA intermediate. The complex is described by gel-filtration, dynamic light scattering and kinetic measurements. Two strategies for asparaginylation are shown: (i) tRNAAsn binds GatCAB first, allowing aminoacylation and immediate transamidation once ND-AspRS joins the complex; (ii) tRNAAsn is bound by ND-AspRS which releases the Asp-tRNAAsn product much slower than the cognate Asp-tRNAAsp; this kinetic peculiarity allows GatCAB to bind and transamidate Asp-tRNAAsn before its release by the ND-AspRS. These results are discussed in the context of the interrelation between the Asn and Gln-transamidosomes which use the same GatCAB in H. pylori, and shed light on a kinetic mechanism that ensures faithful codon reassignment for Asn

París - México: un mismo combate La sífilis contra la civilización

En la segunda mitad del siglo xix vemos aparecer en la ciudad de México una nueva mirada hacia el oficio más viejo del mundo. Describimos la influencia que las teorías reglamentaristas francesas tuvieron en la puesta en marcha de lo que en todo el orbe se llamó «sistema francés» para gestión del «problema prostitucional», así como la similitud en el miedo que la sifilis (vista como la peste moderna) despertó en el cuerpo médico por su aparente funesta influencia en la «degeneración de la raza».Dans la deuxième partie du xixème siècle on peut noter qu'apparaît, dans la ville de Mexico, un nouveau regard sur «le métier le plus vieux du monde». Cet essai décrit l'influence que les théories réglementaires françaises exercèrent sur l'organisation de ce que dans le monde entier on s'accorda a appeler le «système français» pour la gestion du problème de la prostitution. Nous décrirons aussi comment croit parallèlement la peur de la syphilis considérée comme la peste moderne qui réveille dans le corps médical une profonde angoisse sur sa funeste influence sur la dégradation de la race

Taras, estigmas, degeneración. Los científicos sociales de finales del XIX frente a la prostitución

En este capítulo utilizaremos la imagen de la prostituta que los científicos sociales del último tercio del siglo xix elaboraron, porque sus representaciones encarnan el paradigma de la degeneración de la raza. Trataremos de mostrar la simultaneidad de una preocupación general, de un ambiente “científico” criminalista, común en ambos continentes. Tanto médicos como legisladores mexicanos, inspirados en sus pares franceses, elaborarán un catálogo sociológico-higiénico-moral para “entender”, controlar y regenerar, dentro de lo posible, a las clases sociales marginadas. Ese ambiente que se pretende científico y por lo tanto objetivo, estará totalmente permeado por el biologismo que estaba detrás del darwinismo social y de la teoría social positivista que, como esperamos mostrarlo, fue más bien clasista, racista y misógino.Nous nous référons ici à l’image de la prostituée élaborée par les élites dans le dernier tiers du XIXe pour fournir une incarnation palpable au paradigme d’une dégénérescence de la race. Il s’agit de montrer la concomitance d’une préoccupation généralisée, d’une atmosphère «scientifique» de criminalisation, commune aux deux continents. Sous l’influence de leurs pairs français, médecins et législateurs mexicains se mettent à élaborer une typologie sociologique, hygiénique et morale pour «comprendre», contrôler et régénérer autant qu’il se peut les classes dangereuses. Cette tendance à prétention scientifique mais tout autant pragmatique sera totalement perméable au biologisme sous-jacent dans le darwinisme social et la théorie positiviste qui, comme nous entendons l’établir, fut tout à la fois ségrégative, raciste et misogyne

Communicative Competences: A Reading From Social Representations And Educational Actors

In the search for the consolidation of the educational quality policy, the Colombian government is concerned with strengthening competency-based training, its design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation in all cycles of the school system; it is part of the permanent improvement of academic performance. Particularly in technical secondary education, training is provided in labour competences aimed at a real articulation of knowledge and know-how. Recognising the practice and symbolic load contained in the development of communicative competences in students and teachers under study and the institutional processes undertaken for the improvement of academic performance constitutes the research effort. Dissonant perspectives on academic performance converge in a public educational institution in the municipality of Los Patios, Norte de Santander. The study assumes a qualitative perspective in order to interpret the meanings and sense of the information obtained in the field research. The methodology corresponds to the interpretative method, qualitative approach of the Symbolic Interactionism research method, its techniques and procedures. They were conceived as a means to carry out the qualitative analysis of social reality, with which to fragment, conceptualise and integrate the data in order to achieve an inductive theorisation process. The interview and documentary review constituted the data search techniques. In order to enrich and give depth to the knowledge, the results of the different techniques used for data collection, i.e. interview and self-reporting, were compared in this study. Similarly, the results were contrasted with the theories that explain the phenomenon studied, which gave rise to the presentation of the orientations towards communicative competences from their social representations

The Terpenoids of Maytenus boaria MOL. (Celastraceae)

The known triterpenoids β‐amyrin (= olean‐12‐en‐3β‐ol; 22), lupeol (= lup‐20(29)‐en‐3β‐ol; 17), betulin (= lup‐20(29)‐ene‐3β,28‐diol; 18), lup‐20(29)‐ene‐3β,30‐diol (20), oleanolic acid (= 3β‐hydroxyolean‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid; 21), and betulonic acid (= 3‐oxolup‐20(29)‐en‐28‐oic acid; 19), together with epicatechol (= cis‐2‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐3,5,7‐triol; 23), 5′‐O‐methylgallocatechol (= trans‐2‐(3,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐3,5,7‐triol; 24), and 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde were isolated from the aerial parts of Maytenus boaria (MOL.). Additonally, the eight 4,C4‐dihydro‐β‐agarofuran sesquiterpenoids 1–8, one of them a diol with a (4R)‐configuration, and compound 9 were present in the extract. The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic and chemical means. Copyright © 1993 Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinhei