83 research outputs found
Littérature et sociologie : analyse de l'expérience moderne chez Joseph Roth, Thomas Mann et Max Weber
Ce prĂ©sent mĂ©moire est animĂ© par une forte conviction : les frontiĂšres disciplinaires entre les sociologues et les Ă©crivains ne doivent pas se transmuer en barbelĂ©s obstruant un Ă©clairage de sens renouvelĂ© sur la rĂ©alitĂ© sociale. Alors quâau tournant du siĂšcle dernier, le roman rĂ©aliste et la sociologie allemande se sont mutuellement inspirĂ©s, au fil du temps les canaux de communication se sont progressivement brouillĂ©s. Notre dĂ©marche consiste donc Ă renouer avec la tradition du monde germanophone Ă lâorĂ©e du 20e siĂšcle, pĂ©riode au cours de laquelle la sociologie Ă©merge comme discipline propre. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, nous chercherons Ă faire converser les deux rĂ©gimes dâĂ©criture afin dâune part, dâexplorer les vertus cognitives de la littĂ©rature pour la sociologie et dâautre part de mieux comprendre comment les hommes contemporains aux premiers sociologues entrevoyaient lâĂ©poque des temps modernes. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuierons sur la sociologie de Max Weber (1864-1920), un des pĂšres fondateurs de la discipline, ainsi que sur lâanalyse de trois romans rĂ©alistes, signĂ©s par deux romanciers germanophones du dĂ©but du 20e siĂšcle, câest-Ă -dire Joseph Roth (1894-1939) et Thomas Mann (1875-1955).This masterâs thesis is driven by a strong conviction: disciplinary boundaries between sociologists and writers should not be transmuted into trenches which would block a renewed sense of social reality. At the turn of the last century, realistic novels as well as German sociology were mutually inspired. However, over time, the communication channels have gradually been blurred. Our approach is therefore to revive the tradition of the German-speaking world at the dawn of the 20th century, in which period sociology emerged as its own discipline. Specifically, we will try to make interact the writing systems by exploring, on one hand, the cognitive virtues of literature in sociology and on the other hand, by trying to understand how the first contemporary sociologists men foresaw the era of modern times. In order to do so, we will rely on the works of Max Weber (1864-1920) one of the founding fathers of sociology as well as on an analysis of three realistic novels, written by two of the German novelists of the early 20th century, Joseph Roth (1894-1939) and Thomas Mann (1875-1955)
A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru
Weprovide a synopsis of ~60million years of life history in Neotropical lowlands, based on a comprehensive survey of the Cenozoic deposits along the Quebrada Cachiyacu near Contamana in PeruvianAmazonia. The 34 fossilbearing localities identified have yielded a diversity of fossil remains, including vertebrates,mollusks, arthropods, plant fossils, and microorganisms, ranging from the early Paleocene to the lateMioceneâ?Pliocene (N20 successive levels). This Cenozoic series includes the base of the Huchpayacu Formation (Fm.; early Paleocene; lacustrine/ fluvial environments; charophyte-dominated assemblage), the Pozo Fm. (middle + ?late Eocene; marine then freshwater environments; most diversified biomes), and complete sections for the Chambira Fm. (late Oligoceneâlate early Miocene; freshwater environments; vertebrate-dominated faunas), the Pebas Fm. (late early to early late Miocene; freshwater environments with an increasing marine influence; excellent fossil record), and Ipururo Fm. (late Mioceneâ?Pliocene; fully fluvial environments; virtually no fossils preserved). At least 485 fossil species are recognized in the Contamana area (~250 âplantsâ, ~212 animals, and 23 foraminifera). Based on taxonomic lists from each stratigraphic interval, high-level taxonomic diversity remained fairly constant throughout themiddle EoceneâMiocene interval (8-12 classes), ordinal diversity fluctuated to a greater degree, and family/species diversity generally declined, with a drastic drop in the early Miocene. The Paleoceneâ?Pliocene fossil assemblages from Contamana attest at least to four biogeographic histories inherited from (i) Mesozoic Gondwanan times, (ii) the Panamerican realm prior to (iii) the time of South Americaâs Cenozoic âsplendid isolationâ, and (iv) Neotropical ecosystems in the Americas. No direct evidence of any North American terrestrial immigrant has yet been recognized in the Miocene record at Contamana.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse
Paleogene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia : anatomy, systematics, phylogeny, and paleobiogeography
Les rongeurs caviomorphes constituent lâun des groupes de mammifĂšres placentaires les plus diversifiĂ©s dâAmĂ©rique du Sud. MalgrĂ© la grande diversitĂ© actuelle et nĂ©ogĂšne du groupe, les premiĂšres phases de lâhistoire Ă©volutive des caviomorphes nâĂ©taient documentĂ©es que par quelques localitĂ©s Ă lâĂ©chelle de tout le continent sud-amĂ©ricain. Les recherches palĂ©ontologiques rĂ©centes menĂ©es en Amazonie pĂ©ruvienne ont permis la dĂ©couverte de 18 localitĂ©s Ă©ocĂšnes et oligocĂšnes, livrant de nombreux restes dentaires de caviomorphes inĂ©dits. LâĂ©tude de ces fossiles a conduit Ă la description et Ă la comparaison de 52 taxons distincts, dont 11 nouveaux genres et 17 nouvelles espĂšces. Ce travail rĂ©vĂšle une riche diversitĂ© alpha-taxonomique des caviomorphes en Amazonie pĂ©ruvienne Ă la fin de lâĂocĂšne moyen, mais surtout Ă lâOligocĂšne infĂ©rieur et Ă lâOligocĂšne supĂ©rieur, trois fenĂȘtres temporelles jusquâalors trĂšs peu documentĂ©es dans les rĂ©gions de basses latitudes du continent sud-amĂ©ricain. Les localitĂ©s Ă©tudiĂ©es de la fin de lâĂocĂšne moyen livrent les plus anciens caviomorphes connus Ă ce jour. Dans ces localitĂ©s, la faible diversitĂ© taxinomique, associĂ©e Ă une faible disparitĂ© morphologique, incluant des taxons caractĂ©risĂ©s par des traits dentaires plĂ©siomorphes, rappelant les formes hystricognathes sub-contemporaines de lâAncien Monde. Cela suggĂšre un intervalle de temps court entre lâarrivĂ©e en AmĂ©rique du Sud des hystricognathes pionniers et lâĂ©mergence des espĂšces Ă©tudiĂ©es. Les assemblages de caviomorphes des localitĂ©s plus rĂ©centes montrent une disparitĂ© plus importante et livrent des reprĂ©sentants des Ă©rĂ©thizontoĂŻdes, octodontoĂŻdes et chinchilloĂŻdes. Lâanalyse approfondie du matĂ©riel dâĂ©tude et sa comparaison avec des spĂ©cimens provenant dâautres gisements sud-amĂ©ricains ont permis une meilleure comprĂ©hension de lâhomologie et de lâĂ©volution des structures dentaires chez les caviomorphes. Une analyse cladistique de grande ampleur, incluant un grand nombre de familles des quatre super-familles (i.e., Cavioidea, Erethizontoidea, Chinchilloidea et Octodontoidea) a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. Elle a permis pour la premiĂšre fois la reconnaissance de groupes basaux des caviomorphes. Les rĂ©gions de basses latitudes du continent sud-amĂ©ricain paraissent ĂȘtre le centre dâorigine des caviomorphes et le lieu dâune premiĂšre diversification basale du groupe Ă la fin de lâĂocĂšne moyen. Les quatre super-familles Ă©mergeraient au cours de lâĂocĂšne supĂ©rieurâOligocĂšne infĂ©rieur, illustrant ainsi une deuxiĂšme radiation majeure du groupe au cours du PalĂ©ogĂšne. Durant cette pĂ©riode, les caviomorphes se seraient dispersĂ©s aux moyennes et hautes latitudes. Lâorigine gĂ©ographique des super-familles reste quelque peu ambiguĂ«, exceptĂ© pour les chinchilloĂŻdes qui Ă©mergeraient dans les rĂ©gions de basses latitudes. Nos rĂ©sultats mettent Ă©galement en Ă©vidence lâexistence dâune troisiĂšme radiation autour de la limite OligocĂšneâMiocĂšne. Cette troisiĂšme phase correspondrait Ă la diversification des chinchilloĂŻdes, octodontoĂŻdes, et Ă©rĂ©thizontinĂ©s basaux et Ă lâĂ©mergence du groupe couronne des caviidĂ©s, des octodontoĂŻdes et trĂšs probablement des chinchilloĂŻdes. Ces trois Ă©vĂ©nements de diversifications majeures au cours du PalĂ©ogĂšne sont concomitants avec des Ă©vĂšnements climatiques globaux et des pĂ©riodes intenses de surrection andine.Caviomorph rodents represent one of the most successful groups of placental mammals from South America. Despite their high modern and Neogene diversity, their early evolutionary history has long remained obscure. Recent paleontological investigations in Peruvian Amazonia allowed for the discovery of 18 Eocene and Oligocene localities yielding many new fossils of caviomorphs (mainly isolated teeth). Fifty-two taxa, including 11 new genera and 17 new species, are described here. This study reveals a rich alpha-taxonomic diversity of caviomorphs in Peruvian Amazonia during the late Middle Eocene, Early Oligocene and Late Oligocene. These three periods were until now poorly documented in the low-latitudes of South America. The late Middle Eocene localities yield the earliest representatives of the group. In these localities, the low taxonomical diversity, associated with a low morphological disparity including taxa that harbor very primitive dental features, reminiscent to those observed in coeval Old World hystricognaths, suggest that a short time range of caviomorph evolutionary history had undergone in South America prior the emergence of these rodents. The most recent caviomorph assemblages show a higher disparity and yield representatives of erethizontoids, octodontoids and chinchilloids. The exhaustive analysis of the material and its comparison with specimens from other South American localities further our understanding regarding the homology and the evolution of dentary structures in caviomorphs. A cladistic assessment with a comprehensive taxonomic sampling including most families of the four superfamilies (i.e., Cavioidea, Erethizontoidea, Chinchilloidea, and Octodontoidea) was undertaken. For the first time, several stem Caviomorpha were recognized. Low latitudes of South America are thus viewed as the cradle and the first diversity hotspot of early caviomorphs. A second radiation would have occurred during the Late EoceneâEarly Oligocene and would correspond to the emergence of the four superfamilies. At this time, caviomorphs would disperse towards the middle and high latitudes. The geographic origin of modern superfamilies remains somewhat ambiguous, except for chinchilloids which would emerge in low-latitude regions. A third radiation would have also occurred, around the OligoceneâMiocene transition, corresponding to the more recent diversification of stem Chinchilloidea, Octodontoidea, Erethizontoidea and the emergence of crown Erethizontinae, Caviidae, Octodontoidea, and probably Chinchilloidea. It is noteworthy that these three Paleogene diversification phases were contemporaneous with global climatic events and intense Andean uplift events
Response to the comments on âdental homologies and evolutionary transformations in caviomorpha (hystricognathi, rodentia): new data from the paleogene of Peruvian amazoniaâ
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Important gaps in the fossil record of Paleogene hystricognathous rodents revealed by dental morphology-based phylogeny of taxa from Asia and Africa: paleobiogeographical implications
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Dental homologies and evolutionary transformations in Caviomorpha (Hystricognathi, Rodentia): new data from the Paleogene of Peruvian Amazonia
International audienceDental homologies and evolutionary transformations within caviomorph rodents have long been disputed. Here, we participate in these debates in providing new insights from the dental morphology of Paleogene caviomorphs from Peruvian Amazonia (Contamana and Shapaja). Their analyses and comparisons with many hystricognaths allow (1) to generalize some hypotheses previously proposed about occlusal morphology of caviomorph cheek teeth, and (2) to propose new ones. In caviomorphs, the third crest of upper teeth would correspond either to a mesoloph or to a mesolophule or to a combination of both. The transformation from a pentalophodont pattern to a tetralophodont pattern would be explained by the disappearance of the metaloph. Likewise, the transformation from a tetralophodont pattern to a trilophodont pattern is observed by the loss of the third crest. A direct transformation from a pentalophodont pattern to a trilophodont pattern is also observed. Concerning lower teeth, discrepancies of homologies are centered on the mesial cristids, which can be notably distinguished depending on their compositions and connections with other structures. The ancestral patterns of caviomorph lower molars and dp4s were likely tetralophodont and pentalophodont, respectively. However, schemes with five and four (even three) transverse cristids cannot be ruled out for the two loci, respectively
Emergence of hystricognathous rodents: Palaeogene fossil record, phylogeny, dental evolution and historical biogeography
International audienceAlthough phylogenetic trees imply Asia as the ancestral homeland of the Hystricognathi clade (Rodentia: Ctenohystrica), curiously the oldest known fossil occurrences of hystricognathous rodents are not from Asia, but from Africa and South America, where they appear suddenly in the fossil record of both landmasses by the Late Middle Eocene. Here we performed cladistic and Bayesian (standard and tip-dating analyses) assessments of the dental evidence documenting early ctenohystricans, including several Asian 'ctenodactyloids', virtually all Palaeogene Asian and African hystricognaths known thus far and two representatives of the earliest known South American hystricognaths. Our results provide a phylogenetic context of early hystricognaths (with implications on systematics) and suggest that some Eocene Asian 'ctenodactyloids' could be considered as stem hystricognaths and pre-hystricognaths, although they were not recognized as such originally. However, this view does not fill the gap of the Eocene Asian hystricognath record, as the proposed results imply many ghost lineages extending back to the Middle Eocene for several Asian and African taxa. They also imply a complex early historical biogeography of the group, involving multiple dispersal events from Asia to Africa (and possibly from Africa back to Asia) and then to South America sometime during the Middle Eocene. Based on these phylogenetic considerations, we discuss the emergence of hystricognathous rodents from a morpho-anatomical perspective by analysing the differentiation of their masticatory apparatus and chewing movements; notably, evolution of their dental patterns
Dental homologies and evolutionary transformations in Caviomorpha (Hystricognathi, Rodentia): new data from the Paleogene of Peruvian Amazonia
International audienceDental homologies and evolutionary transformations within caviomorph rodents have long been disputed. Here, we participate in these debates in providing new insights from the dental morphology of Paleogene caviomorphs from Peruvian Amazonia (Contamana and Shapaja). Their analyses and comparisons with many hystricognaths allow (1) to generalize some hypotheses previously proposed about occlusal morphology of caviomorph cheek teeth, and (2) to propose new ones. In caviomorphs, the third crest of upper teeth would correspond either to a mesoloph or to a mesolophule or to a combination of both. The transformation from a pentalophodont pattern to a tetralophodont pattern would be explained by the disappearance of the metaloph. Likewise, the transformation from a tetralophodont pattern to a trilophodont pattern is observed by the loss of the third crest. A direct transformation from a pentalophodont pattern to a trilophodont pattern is also observed. Concerning lower teeth, discrepancies of homologies are centered on the mesial cristids, which can be notably distinguished depending on their compositions and connections with other structures. The ancestral patterns of caviomorph lower molars and dp4s were likely tetralophodont and pentalophodont, respectively. However, schemes with five and four (even three) transverse cristids cannot be ruled out for the two loci, respectively
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