Evaluation on dry forage yields and nutritional characteristics of introduced herbaceous legumes in Myanmar

The study was carried out to evaluate the forage yields, nutritive values and in vitro fermentation parameters of herbaceous legumes. Five varieties of introduced herbaceous legumes; Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Ubon stylo, Macrotyloma axillare cv. Archer, Centrosema brasilianum cv. Ooloo, Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Stylo 184 and Macroptilum bracteatum cv. Cadarga were evaluated at the research farm, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Myanmar. No fertilizer and no irrigation were applied for cultivation to test drought resistance. Dry forage yield, nutritive values and gas production at four harvesting times were measured with 4×5 factorial arrangement (5 legumes and 4 harvesting time) in randomized complete block design. There was no interaction between legumes and harvesting time on forage yield, nutritive values and fermentation parameters but they were affected by the main effects of legume types and harvesting time. Among the legume forages, the highest dry forage yields were found in Ooloo, Ubon stylo, and Stylo 184, and followed by the DM yield of Archer and Cadarga. The DM yield of the second harvest was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the first, third and fourth harvest which were not significantly different from each other. As a chemical composition, the DM content of Archer was lower (p<0.05) than those of other varieties. Among the legumes forages, the lower CP content was found in Cadarga. The higher NDF was observed in Ooloo. Ooloo, Ubon stylo and Cadarga showed higher ADF in comparison with the other two varieties. Among the harvesting time, the lowest DM content was found at the first harvest. The highest CP content was found at third harvest. The NDF content was not significantly different. The lowest ADF content was found in fourth harvest. According to the dry forage yield, Ubon stylo and Ooloo had the highest dry forage yield and in term of nutritive values, Stylo 184 and Archer had higher nutritive values. As the main effect of forages, Stylo 184 and Archer had higher gas production in comparison with the other varieties. As the main effect of harvesting time, the fourth harvest had the highest gas production in comparison with other harvesting time. It could be better for cultivation by application of fertilizer and irrigation to get more forage yield and quality. &nbsp

Political transition and emergent forest-conservation issues in Myanmar.

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long-running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon-scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land-tenure insecurity, large-scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure- and energy-project planning, and reforming land-tenure and environmental-protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions

Political transition and emergent forest-conservation issues in Myanmar.

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long-running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon-scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land-tenure insecurity, large-scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure- and energy-project planning, and reforming land-tenure and environmental-protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions

Chesterian (Upper Mississippian) Gastropoda of the Illinois basin /

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Multidimensional Analysis for Census Data by Applying Star Schema Model

In recent years, the high value of multidimensional data has been recognized in both the academic and business communities. Star schemas are the primary storage mechanism for multidimensional data that is to be queried efficiently. It supports relationships between fact and dimension tables and creating combination dimensions with a key, resulted to improve query performance for large quantities of data. This paper is presented for multidimensional data model, that is called star schema to store large amount of census data. This star schema can be used for business related queries on Census data for visualization report. This paper aims to enhance the interactive visualization process with more relevant operations for manipulation of various attributes by using the Pentaho Business Analytics (BA) Suite

Acute myocarditis in a young male after gastroenteritis: A case report and literature review

Abstract A 16‐year‐old patient presented with acute myocarditis after gastroenteritis. His ECGs showed STEMI‐like evolutionary changes. Serial troponin measurement was maximum on 3rd day. Echocardiography showed a mildly reduced ejection fraction (45%). He made an uneventful recovery after appropriate treatment. After one‐month follow‐up, his ECG and echo returned to normal

Evaluation of Myanmar Rice Germplasms for Resistance to Bacterial Blight

Pathogenic diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae from four major rice growing divisions of Myanmar was investigated. One hundred and thirty two isolates: 28 isolates from Ayeyarwady Division, 17 from Yangon Division, 42 from Bago Division and 45 from Mandalay Division, collected during 2004 and 2005 rice growing seasons were very diverse in virulence on 12 near-isogenic lines each of which carrying a specific resistance gene, Xa 1, Xa 2, Xa 3, Xa 4, xa 5, Xa 7, xa 8, Xa 10, Xa 11, xa 13, Xa 14, or Xa 21. The isolates were classified into 19 races based on their virulence. Among 19 races, Race 17 which consisted of 21.97% of the test isolates, was not only the most predominant race but also prevalent in 4 major rice growing divisions of Myanmar. It was also virulent on most of the differentials except IRBB 13 and IRBB 21. Race 7 and Race 11 fell into the second and third position in terms of predominance, respectively. However, Race 11 was found in four major rice growing divisions except Yangon Division, and Race 7 was detected in Bago and Mandalay Divisions only. Similarly, most of the other races found in one or two divisions were not detected in other divisions. The most predominant race in one division was also different from that of other divisions. Pathogenic diversity of four selected isolates collected from Hmawbi, Bogale, Paukkhaung and Kyaukse was confirmed by computer-assisted image analysis method in quantifying disease severity. The virulence of each of the four isolates on three near-isogenic lines, IRBB 3, IRBB 7 and IRBB 13 each carrying a specific resistance gene Xa 3, Xa 7, and xa 13, respectively, was qualitatively different from that of other isolates. One hundred and thirty-four Myanmar rice germplasms obtained from Seed Bank, Department of Agricultural Research, Yezin, were evaluated for their resistance to the representative isolates of four races. The test rice germplasms were divided into four groups, Group A, B, C and D, based on their reaction to four isolates. Two rice germplasms namely Mya Wut Yi and Talay were belonged to Group D and resistant to three representative isolates of the three most predominant races detected in four major rice growing divisions of Myanmar

Occurrence of Root and Stem Rot of Durian in Mon State and its Control by Trunk Injection with Phosphorous Acid

Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr) orchards in Thahton, Pauung, Mudon and Thanphyuzayat Townships. Mon State, were visited during 2000-2001. Root and stem rot disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora was found to be serious and widespread in those durian growing areas. Disease incidence ranged from 16% to 100%. The investigation was undertaken at Kangalay orchard (Mudon Township) and Kyonka orchard (Paung Township), Myanma Agriculture Service, to evaluate the effect of trunk injection of Phosphorous acid and some chemical application in controlling of root and stem rot of durian. Effective control of the disease on 4-year-old durian trees was achieved by injecting 20% Phosphorous acid twice a year. Phosphorous acid injection in combination with Ridomil 25 WP bark paint and Ridomil 5G soil treatment was also found to be effective

Occurrence of the rice root nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae on monsoon rice in Myanmar

During May-October 2007, soil and root samples from 539 fields were collected from 11 monsoon rice varieties in 12 regions in Myanmar. All regions surveyed and 90% of fields sampled were infested with the rice root nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae. The average H. oryzae population was 10/100 mL soil and 419/20 g roots respectively. In 6.9% of the fields sampled 50 H. oryzae/g root were found. The average root population densities were the highest (640/20 g roots) in Taungpyan variety and the lowest (155/20 g roots) in Immayebaw variety. The lowest soil and the second-lowest root populations of H. oryzae were observed in Shwethweyin which may indicate that this rice variety is less susceptible to H. oryzae. Among three cropping sequences, the highest frequency of occurrence (94%) was found in the rice-rice cropping sequence. Based on the prominence value (a combination of the frequency of occurrence and abundance) of H. oryzae, Hlaingtharyar was the most infested region where susceptible rice varieties are grown and rice-rice cropping sequence is practiced. The rice production in this region may be the most at risk of suffering important yield losses due to H. oryzae

Development of renal function abnormalities following bites by Russell's vipers (Daboia russelii siamensis) in Myanmar.

Renal function was monitored in 24 patients with systemic envenoming following proven Russell's viper bite. In all patients, blood clotted within 20 min on admission. In 15 cases severe defibrination (systemic envenoming) developed during the next 3-5 d. None of the patients received antivenom before admission but enzyme-refined monospecific antivenom was given to those who developed signs of systemic envenoming. Specific antigen was detected by enzyme immuno-assay in all 21 subjects tested. Nine patients whose renal function remained normal did not develop systemic envenoming, and recovered without any treatment even though venom antigen was detectable in their serum. Ten patients developed mild renal dysfunction and systemic envenoming, but recovered after treatment with antivenom alone. The remaining 5 patients, all of whom were oliguric from admission, developed acute renal failure despite treatment with antivenom, but some recovered after peritoneal dialysis. Serum venom antigen levels were high in the last 2 groups, but there was some overlap. Albuminuria, found only in patients who became systemically envenomed, was associated with high fractional sodium excretion in those who developed acute oliguric renal failure. Albuminuria may appear before a gross clotting defect is detectable. It is an indication for antivenom and spot measurements might prove a useful early predictor of outcome