Formulating layered adjustable autonomy for unmanned aerial vehicles

Purpose - In this paper, we propose a Layered Adjustable Autonomy (LAA) as a dynamically adjustable autonomy model for a multi-agent system. It is mainly used to efficiently manage humans and agents share control of autonomous systems and maintain humans’ global control over the agents. Design/Methodology/Approach - We apply the LAA model in an agent-based autonomous Unmanned Arial Vehicle (UAV) system. The UAV system implementation consists of two parts, software, and hardware. The software part represents the controller and the cognitive and the hardware represents the computing machinery and the actuator of the UAV system. The UAV system performs three experimental scenarios of dance, surveillance and search missions. The selected scenarios demonstrate different behaviors in order to create a suitable test plan and ensure significant results. Findings - The results of the UAV system tests prove that segregating the autonomy of a system as multidimensional and adjustable layers enables humans and/or agents to perform actions in a convenient autonomy levels. Hence, reducing the adjustable autonomy drawbacks of constraining the autonomy of the agents, increasing humans’ workload and exposing the system to disturbances. Originality/value - The application of the LAA model in a UAV manifests the significance of implementing dynamic adjustable autonomy. Assessing the autonomy within three phases of agents run cycle (task-selection, actions-selection, actions-execution) is an original idea that aims to direct agents’ autonomy towards performance competency. The agents’ abilities are well exploited when an incompetent agent switches with a more competent on

Sheikh Daudal-Fatani as scholar in Malay Archipelago: overview on his writings

This paper explores the biography of Sheikh Daud al-Fatani, one of the most famous and prolific authors among Muslims in South East Asia. He produced writings in Madhhab Shafi’i in the Malay World during the nineteenth-century. This paper discusses his background as well as the lineage of his descendants. In addition, it discusses various opinions about the date of his birth, the place he was born and the date of his death. The paper also explores his education and his teachers, and emphasizes his contribution in producing kitab and other writings that have had a huge impact on the religious education of Muslims in this region of the Malay World. To achieve the article’s objectives, content analysis method was applied to the Sheikh Daud’s writing

FAKTOR-FAKTOR PERINGANAN HUKUMAN DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG ISLAM DAN UNDANG-UNDANG SIVIL

Punishment is one of the last process in a trial in which the court decision or judgment will be made by the judiciary against offenders after conviction does. However, in certain situations punishment be mitigated or dropped. To enable the mitigating there are several factors that must be available on the offenders. This article will discuss mitigating factors of punishment in Islamic law and civil law as well as peeling and make comparisons between them. In addition, also included cases that had been tried in the early days of Islam and also cases that have been decided in the courts of Malaysia, Singapore and so on

Enhancing road safety behaviour using a psychological and spiritual approaches

Main causes of accident is due to driver itself that is influenced by their bad attitude while driving. Human attitude is closely related to the human psychology. Apart from that, spiritual aspect also influence human attitude. Hence, this study carried out to improve driver safety using a new approach through psychology and spiritual factors. Objectives of this study are to identify then analyze factors of psychological and spiritual that contribute towards safety driving. A self-administered questionnaire were distributed among 256 respondents from various type of background. An analysis descriptive statistics show demographic and experience of respondents. Chi-square analysis showed only education level and traffic summon are significant to safety driving. Furthermore, correlation analysis shows psychological factors has strong linear relationship on attitude of drivers towards safety driving while spiritual factor, the perception of the spiritual and practices, both have a strong relationship to safety driving. Regression analysis demonstrates boths psychological and spiritual factors have strong evidence and significant relationship with safety driving. Thus, it can be identified that spiritual psychological factors encourage drivers to drive more safely and reduce road accidents. Therefore, this study propose useful guidelines to related agencies in order to enhance safety among drivers to be able drive safely on the road

FAKTOR-FAKTOR PERINGANAN HUKUMAN DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG ISLAM DAN UNDANG-UNDANG SIVIL

Punishment is one of the last process in a trial in which the court decision or judgment will be made by the judiciary against offenders after conviction does. However, in certain situations punishment be mitigated or dropped. To enable the mitigating there are several factors that must be available on the offenders. This article will discuss mitigating factors of punishment in Islamic law and civil law as well as peeling and make comparisons between them. In addition, also included cases that had been tried in the early days of Islam and also cases that have been decided in the courts of Malaysia, Singapore and so on

Resolving conflicts between personal and normative goals in normative agent systems

In this paper, we present a framework for resolving conflicts between personal and normative goals in normative agent systems. The conflicts occur in the decision making process of time-constrained tasks of those goals. The agents observe the environment, generate the tasks based on their obligation to an authority, their desires, and intentions. They select and execute the tasks from a set of pre-compiled tasks based on their beliefs of the reward and penalty associated with the selected tasks. To resolve the conflicts within the constraint of the tasks’ duration, we supplement the agents’ normative capacity with two essential functions: Sacrifice and Diligence. The Sacrifice function enables an agent to reason and discard any tasks that have lower priorities to make way for accomplishment of the normative goal. The Diligence function enables an agent to increase its effort in accomplishing the normative goal in time-constrained situations. We simulate these situations and present the results

Building norms-adaptable agents from Potential Norms Detection Technique (PNDT)

This paper presents a contribution to research on norms detection by proposing a technique, which is called the Potential Norms Detection Technique (PNDT). The literature proposes that an agent changes or updates its norms based on the variables of the local environment and the amount of thinking about its behaviour. Consequently, any changes on these two variables cause the agent to use the PNDT to update the norms in complying with the domain’s normative protocol. This technique enables an agent to update its norms even in the absence of sanctions from a third-party enforcement authority as found in some work, which entail sanctions by a third-party to detect and identify the norms. The PNDT consists of five components: agent’s belief base; observation process; Potential Norms Mining Algorithm (PNMA) to detect the potential norms and identify the normative protocol; verification process, which verifies the detected potential norms; and updating process, which updates the agent’s belief base with new normative protocol. The authors then demonstrate the operation of the algorithm by testing it on a typical scenario and analyse the results on several issues

Tinjauan terhadap gaya pembelajaran di kalangan pelajar-pelajar semester dua diploma pemasaran di Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau gaya pembelajaran yang paling digemari di kalangan pelajar-pelajar semester dua Diploma Pemasaran Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah. Objektif kaji selidik ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti gaya pembelajaran yang paling digemari oleh pelajar bagi membolehkan ianya diaplikasikan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran berdasarkan empat gaya pembelajaran yang diperkenalkan oleh Honey dan Munford iaitu Aktivis, Teoris, Reflektor dan Pragmatis. Seramai 36 orang responden dipilih untuk terlibat dalam kajian ini. Kajian ini berbentuk deskriptif dan kaedah kajian yang digunakan ialah borang soal selidik, untuk memperolehi data berkenaan. Data dianalisis menggunakan perisian SPSS Versi 10.0 untuk mendapatkan nilai skor min, sisihan piawai dan peratus. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pelajar menyedari tentang gaya pembelajaran yang diamalkan dan dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan pelajar-pelajar lebih cenderung kepada gaya pembelajaran reflektor. Implikasi dapatan kajian diatas dibincangkan dalam bab V kajian ini

[The Criteria of Hadith Mawdu’ in the Book of Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da’ifah wa al-Mawdu’ah by al-Albani] Kriteria Hadith Mawdu’ dalam Kitab Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da’ifah wa al-Mawdu’ah oleh al-Albani

Imam al-Albani is a contemporary hadith scholar who has produced many great works like book of Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da’ifah wa al-Mawdu’ah which contains hadiths da’if and mawdu’. The position of hadith in the book caused controversy among hadith scholars because the status of hadith sahih by other scholars were considered da'if by al-Albani and hadiths that did not reach the martabat mawdu 'were considered as mawdu' by him and vice versa. So that, many hadith scholars evaluate al-Albani as a scholar who easily devised new methods of hadith. Therefore, this study aims to look at the criteria used by al-Albani in falsifying a hadith in his book. The methodology of this study is qualitative through the method of content analysis focusing on the book of Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da’ifah wa al-Mawdu’ah. This study finds that the criteria of hadith mawdu ’by al-Albani in the book of Silsilah uses the approach of criticizing sanad and matan; with the criteria of sanad which are (1) the confession of the narrator of the hadith, (2) the existence of qarinah which is almost the same as the confession, (3) the narrator is known as a liar among the scholars, (4) the hadith is narrated mawquf and (5) the narrator is majhul. While in the matan criteria are (1) weakness in the pronunciation (sound) of the hadith text, (2) the strange meaning of the hadith, (3) contrary to the dalil syar'i, and the mind, (4) related to the priority of the mind, (5) contains abominations, isra'iliyyat and bid'ah, (6) not found in the main hadith book and (7) exaggerates the reward or punishment for light deeds. This study found that al-Albani did not make an innovation in the criteria of hadith mawdu' except for a few criteria but in practice it makes a difference with others. Imam al-Albani merupakan ulama hadith kontemporari yang banyak melahirkan karya-karya agung yang menarik seperti kitab Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da’ifah wa al-Mawdu’ah yang mengandungi hadith-hadith da’if dan mawdu’. Kedudukan hukum hadith dalam kitab tersebut menimbulkan kontroversi dalam kalangan ulama hadith kerana hadith-hadith yang dihukumkan sahih oleh ulama lain dianggap da’if oleh al-Albani dan hadith-hadith yang tidak sampai ke darjat mawdu’ dihukumkan mawdu’ oleh beliau begitu juga sebaliknya sehingga ramai ulama hadith menilai al-Albani sebagai ulama yang mudah membuat kaedah baru dalam ilmu hadith. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kriteria yang digunakan oleh al-Albani dalam memalsukan sesebuah hadith dalam kitabnya. Metodologi kajian ini adalah berbentuk kualitatif melalui kaedah analisis kandungan kitab Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Da’ifah wa al-Mawdu’ah. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa kriteria hadith mawdu’ oleh al-Albani dalam kitab Silsilah menggunakan pendekatan mengkritik sanad dan matan; dengan kriteria sanad iaitu (1) pengakuan pemalsu hadith, (2) wujud qarinah yang hampir sama dengan pengakuan, (3) perawi terkenal sebagai pendusta dalam kalangan ulama, (4) hadith diriwayatkan secara mawquf dan (5) perawi majhul. Manakala dalam kriteria matan adalah (1) kelemahan pada lafaz (bunyi) teks hadith, (2) makna hadith yang pelik, (3) bertentangan dengan dalil syar’i, dan akal fikiran, (4) berkaitan dengan keutamaan akal, (5) mengandungi kekejian, isra’iliyyat dan bid’ah, (6) tidak terdapat dalam kitab hadith induk dan (7) melebihkan pahala atau seksa terhadap amalan yang ringan. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa al-Albani tidak melakukan suatu pembaharuan dalam kriteria hadith mawdu’ melainkan beberapa kriteria sahaja namun dalam secara praktikknya menimbulkan perbezaan dengan yang lain

A Review of Norms and Normative Multiagent Systems

Norms and normative multiagent systems have become the subjects of interest for many researchers. Such interest is caused by the need for agents to exploit the norms in enhancing their performance in a community. The term norm is used to characterize the behaviours of community members. The concept of normative multiagent systems is used to facilitate collaboration and coordination among social groups of agents. Many researches have been conducted on norms that investigate the fundamental concepts, definitions, classification, and types of norms and normative multiagent systems including normative architectures and normative processes. However, very few researches have been found to comprehensively study and analyze the literature in advancing the current state of norms and normative multiagent systems. Consequently, this paper attempts to present the current state of research on norms and normative multiagent systems and propose a norm’s life cycle model based on the review of the literature. Subsequently, this paper highlights the significant areas for future work