Öğrenenler Açısında Türkçenin Yapısal Özelliklerinin Yabancı Dil Olarak Öğrenimine Etkisi: Bosna Hersek Örneği

The structure of a language that is learned and the structure of the native languages of learners is a prominent factor in affecting learning foreign language. In this context, the objective of this study is determining the effects of the syntax, phonetic and phonological features on learning foreign languages. As a qualitative study, in the process of learning Turkish, a survey to discover the impact of the structural attributes of Turkish language on 178 Bosnian students was administered. The reliability Co-efficient, Cranach’s Alpha, has been found 0.73 on all questions. Descriptive statistics and One Sample T-Tests have been run in the data analysis section. In the findings, some positive factors such as the progress of literacy in learning Turkish as a foreign language, making the words plural, the absence of irregular verbs and the regular conjugation, the easiness of Turkish pronunciation, the absence of gender in word formation have been found.Öğrenilen yabancı bir dilin yapısal özellikleri ile öğrenenlerin anadillerinin yapısal özellikleri yabancı dil öğrenimini etkileyen önemli bir faktördür. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı Türkçenin fonetik, morfolojik, semantik ve sentaks özelliklerinin yabancı dil olarak öğrenimine etkilerini belirlemektir. Nitel araştırma kapsamında, Türkçe öğrenmiş 178 Boşnak’a Türkçenin yapısal özelliklerinin Türkçe öğrenirken etkisini saptamaya dayalı anket uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada uygulanan testte yer alan tüm sorular üzerinden güvenirlik katsayısı (Cronbach’s Alpha) 0.73 olarak bulunmuştur. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistik (Descriptive Statistics) ve tek örneklem t testi (One Sample T-Test) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğreniminde okuma – yazma becerilerinin gelişimi, kelimeleri çoğul yapmak, düzensiz fiillerin olmaması ve fiil çekiminin düzenli olması, Türkçe seslerin kolay öğrenilmesi, sondan eklemeli yapısı ile kelimelerin ezberlenmesi, kelimelerde cinsiyet kategorisin olmamasından kaynaklanan birtakım olumlu etkenler saptanmıştır

Integral cohomology of the Siegel modular variety of degree two and level three

In this thesis work Deligne\u27s spectral sequence Ep,qr with integer coefficients for the embedding of the Siegel modular variety of degree two and level three, A2(3) into its Igusa compactification, A2(3)*, is investigated. It is shown that E3 = E∞ and this information is applied to compute the cohomology groups of A2(3) over the integers

Functional High Performance Polybenzoxazines And Their Properties

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016Thesis (Ph.D.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2016Fenolik reçineler, yaygın uygulamaları sebebi ile yapıştırıcı sanayii’nde, havacılık yapı uygulamalarında, baskı devre kartlarında, iletken polimer yapılarda, malzeme kapsülleri ve elektronik olmak üzere çok çeşitli alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. Fenolik reçineler, akrilatlar, bismaleimidler, poliesterler, epoksi reçineler ve izosiyanat polimerler termosetlerin en iyi bilinen üyeleridir. Yüksek işlem sıcaklıkları ve kürleme sırasında gözenek oluşumu, bu malzemelerin aşılması gereken başlıca zorluklarıdır. Son zamanlarda, benzoksazin bazlı fenolik reçineler geliştirilmiş ve fenolik reçinelerin yeni bir türü olarak önemli derecede dikkat çekmiştir. Polibenzoksazinler; iyi bir ısıl kararlılık, yüksek camsı geçiş sıcaklığı, yüksek yanma ürünü, kürleme için katalizöre gerek olmaması, kürleme sırasında hacmi değişmemesi, düşük nem absorpsiyonu ve herhangi bir uçucu açığa çıkarmaması gibi üstün özelliklere sahiptir. Son zamanlarda, benzoksazin monomerlerinin ve polimerik benzoksazin öncüllerinin tasarım esnekliği sayesinde, yenilikçi yaklaşımlar kullanılarak, kendi kendine iyileşebilen, elektrokimyasal olarak aktif hale gelebilen akıllı kaplamalar, ağır metaller için akıllı sorbentler, hidrofobik yüzeyler ve gözenekli polibenzoksazinler gibi çeşitli akıllı malzemeler elde edilmiştir. Bu stratejilerin önemli ve polibenzoksazinlerin benzersiz özellikleri ve avantajlarını dikkate alarak, bu tezde, çeşitli fonksiyonel grupların benzoksazin öncülleri ile kombinasyonu ve elde edilen ürünün özelliklerinin araştırılması üzerinde duruldu. Tezin ilk bölümünde, poli(propilen oksit) içeren benzoksazin unitelerinin supramoleküler etkileşim sonucu kendi kendine iyileşebilmesini sağlayan yeni bir moleküler tasarım geliştirildi. 2000 Da moleküler ağırlığına sahip poli(propilen oksit) bisamin (PPO), 12360 Da moleküler ağırlığına sahip PPO-Benz vermek üzere formaldehit ve bisfenol A ile reaksiyona sokuldu. Şekil 4 : Karboksilik asit içeren benzoksazin monomeri ve PPO-Benz karışımından kendi kendine iyileşebilen film eldesi. Çapraz-bağlanmış polimer filmler, uygun kompozisyonlarda PPO-Benz ve karboksilik asit içeren benzoksazin monomerlerinin (Carb-Benz), kloroformda çözülerek hazırlanmasıyla, çözücü uçurularak ve 200 °C de benzoksazin gruplarının halka açılma reaksiyonu sonucunda elde edildi. Film ve son ürünün ısısal kürleme ve ısısal kararlılığı incelendi. Bu filmlerin kendini iyileştirme kapasitesinin, formülasyonun içinde Carb-Benz kullanıldığı zaman arttığı gösterildi. Tezin ikinci bölümünde, yeni bir yaklaşım kullanılarak, alkil fonksiyonel benzoksazin (BA-ala) ve elementel kükürt reaksiyona sokularak, kükürtçe zengin polibenzoksazin kopolimerler elde edildi. Eşzamanlı inverse vulkanizasyon ve benzoksazinlerin halka açma reaksiyonu, belirli oranlarda çözünür kopolimerler oluşturdu. Monomer yapısı ve polimerizasyonda kullanılan oranlar gibi parametreler incelendi. Kopolimerlerin ısısal kararlılığı araştırıldı, termogravimetrik analiz (TGA) ve diferansiyel tarama kalorimetrisi (DSC) kullanılarak saf BA-ala ile türetilen polibenzoksazinle kıyaslandı. Taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile malzemelerin yüzey özellikleri incelendi ve elementel kükürt ve benzoksazin kopolimerlerinin mikrometre düzeyinde faz ayrılması olmadan üretilebilirliği doğrulandı. Ayrıca, sünger tipi makro-gözenekli çözünmez polibenzoksazin ağları, 20% kükürt oranında elde edildi. Şekil 5 : Alkil fonksiyonel benzoksazin (BA-ala) ve elementel kükürtün reaksiyonuyla, kükürtçe zengin polibenzoksazin kopolimerlerin eldesi için yeni bir strateji. Son olarak, yan zinciri benzoksazin fonksiyonel polibütadienler, fotokimyasal hidrojen ayırma yöntemi ile elde edildi. İlk olarak, yapısında kromoforik karbonil ve hidrojen verici kısımları olan ışığa duyarlı benzoksazin bileşikleri, vanilin veya 4-hidroksibenzofenon kullanılarak geleneksel benzoksazin sentez metoduyla elde edildi. Katkısız polibutadien (PB), benzofenon benzoksazin (BPH ptol) ve vanilin benzoksazin (Van-A) varlığında, 300-350 nm ışık altında aydınlatılarak, zinciri başına yaklaşık 4-5 benzoksazin ünitesi içeren PB oluşturdu. Başarılı modifikasyon, spektral ve ısısal incelemeler ile teyit edildi. Benzoksazin bağlı PB’lerin, herhangi bir katalizör gerektirmeden, termal kürleme ve yüksek yanma verimi ile polibütadien termosetler oluşturduğu gösterildi. Şekil 6 : Yapısında kromoforik karbonil ve hidrojen verici bölümleri olan ışığa duyarlı benzoksazin bileşiği.Phenolic resins are leading the polymer market due to their widespread applications such as adhesives, structural applications materials in aerospace, printed circuit boards, conductive polymer elements, and encapsulation materials for electronic applications. Phenolic resins, acrylates, bismaleimides, polyesters, epoxy resins and isocyanate polymers are the best known members of the thermosets. High processing temperatures and void formation during curing are the main challenges must be overcome regarding application of these materials. Lately, benzoxazine based phenolic resins has been developed and attracted significant attention as a novel type of phenolic resin. Polybenzoxazines have various outstanding properties, including good thermal stability, high glass transition temperature, high char yield, no need of catalysts for curing, near-zero volume changes during curing, low moisture absorption and no volatile release. Recently, owing to the design flexibility of benzoxazine and related polymeric benzoxazine precursors, various smart materials were synthesized by innovative strategies including self-healing materials, electrochemically activated smart coatings, smart sorbents for heavy metals, hydrophobic surface applications and porous polybenzoxazine resins. Taking account of the unique advantages of these strategies and attractive characteristics of polybenzoxazines, in this thesis, we focused on the combination of various functional groups with benzoxazine precursors and then investigated the resulted products properties. In the first part of the thesis, a self-healing strategy for poly(propylene oxide)s bearing benzoxazine units (PPO-Benz) through supramolecular attractions is described. Poly(propylene oxide) bisamine (PPO) with a molecular wieght of 2000 Da were reacted with formaldehyde and bisphenol A to yield desired PPO-Benz with 12360 Da. The cross-linked polymer films were then prepared by solvent casting of suitable compositions of PPO-Benz and carboxlic acid containing benzoxazine monomer (Carb-Benz) in chloroform followed by thermal ring opening reaction of benzoxazine groups at 200 °C. Thermal curing and thermal stability of the film and final products were investigated. It was demonstrated that the self-healing capacity of the films were improved by employing Carb-Benz in the formulation. Figure 1 : Self-healable film preparation from carboxylic acid containing benzoxazine monomer and PPO-Benz. In the second part of the thesis, a novel strategy to obtain sulfur rich polybenzoxazine copolymers by reacting allyl functional benzoxazine (BA-ala) and elemental sulfur was described. Simultaneous inverse vulcanization and ring-opening reactions of benzoxazine generated soluble copolymers in specific feed ratios. Parameters such as monomer structure and feed ratios on the polymerization were studied. The thermal stability of the copolymers was investigated and compared to that of polybenzoxazines derived from neat BA-ala by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The surface properties of the materials as examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed that elemental sulfur and benzoxazine copolymers can be produced without a phase separation at micrometer level. Moreover, a sponge like insoluble macroporous polybenzoxazine networks was obtained at the 20%-wt feed ratio of sulfur. Figure 2 : A novel strategy to obtain sulfur rich polybenzoxazine copolymers by reacting allyl functional benzoxazine (BA-ala) and elemental sulfur. Finally, side-chain benzoxazine functional polybutadienes was synthesized by photoinduced hydrogen abstraction process. First, photosensitive benzoxazine compounds possessing both chromophoric carbonyl and hydrogen donating sites in the structure were synthesized using vanillin or 4-hydroxybenzophenone in the conventional benzoxazine synthesis. Irradiation of neat polybutadiene (PB) in the presence of the corresponding benzoxazines, namely benzophenone benzoxazine (BPh-ptol) and vanillin benzoxazine (Van-a) under 300–350 nm light gave PBs with approximately 4-5 benzoxazine units per chain. Successful modification was confirmed by the spectral and thermal investigations. It is shown that benzoxazine modified PBs undergo thermally activated curing in the absence of any catalyst forming polybutadiene thermoset with high char yield. Figure 3 : Photoactive benzoxazines having both chromophoric carbonyl and hydrogen donating sites were synthesized using vanillin or 4-hydroxybenzophenone by conventional benzoxazine synthesis methodology.DoktoraPh.D

Global Imbalances, Current Account Rebalancing and Exchange Rate Adjustments

We analyze the global imbalances and the required adjustments for rebalancing in current accounts and real exchange rates. We set up a two-country two-sector model for the US- China with two asymmetries. First, we assume that the size of China initially is one third of the US but its size becomes half of the US in the next ten years consistent with the fast growth expectations in China. Secondly, we assume that China initially runs a net export surplus against the US. Then we quantitatively study two adjustment scenarios. First scenario,called Slow Adjustment, assumes that in the process of growth, Chinese demand composition moves more towards domestic non-tradable sector. In this case, Chinese real exchange rate appreciates gradually and net export surplus also decreases slowly. Second scenario, called Quick Adjustment, assumes that in addition to the higher non-tradable share in output, net export surplus against US goes to zero quickly in fi�ve years. In this case, net export adjustment happens quickly and real exchange rates in China also appreciate faster and at a higher rate than Slow Adjustment case. Even though, global imbalances are eliminated faste in the Quick Adjustment case, high real appreciation in China hurts importers in the US. A comparison in terms of output shows that Slow Adjustments is preferred for both countries.Global imbalances, Current accounts, Exchange rate adjustments

Building English Vocabulary Schema Retention Using Review Value Calculation for ESL Students

Vocabularies, the core of any language, is probably the most challenging and time-consuming part of learning a foreign language in a diverse and disperse community of learners. This study proposes an approach that can help a learner build up his/her English vocabulary volume by intensive article reading, inclusion of Google Cloud Natural Language API, Glosbe Dictionary API and the use of computing technology, the review value calculation. The review value calculation was able to determine the number of days where the new words should be reviewed and be part of the long-term memory. Result shows that students were able to increase their vocabulary acquisition skills by applying technology and computing to their study routines. Students were able to retain words fast and understand better, by employing an interactive monitoring process. If the system will be implemented carefully, it will hypothetically produce a faster technique in acquiring new vocabularies for foreign students. &nbsp

THE DETERMINATION OF IMPACT OF LITERARY TEXTS THROUGH ANALYTICAL HIERARCHICAL PROCESS ON DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL LANGUAGE SKILLS IN TEACHING OF TURKISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

The objective of this study is to identify the influence of literary texts on development of basic language skills in Turkish language teachıng as a foreign language by using Analytical Hierarchical Process. Degree of importance of instrumentalism varies depending on the genres and factors such as the level of language that is being taught and the age group of learners. Primary witnesses in identifying the functionality level of literary texts upon the competence of language carriers in teaching Turkish as a foreign language are undoubtedly the teachers of Turkish. Provided always expert opinions are received and relevant sources are reviewed, the criteria, sub criteria and alternatives required for literary texts to be used for teaching of Turkish language as a foreign language, and data have been collected in face-to-face meetings with experts that teach Turkish as a foreign language. Analytical Hierarchical System has been used for analysing the data collected. According to the findings obtained, it has been determined that cultural transmission and vocabulary both play an important role for improved language skills in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. It has however been further observed that there were very few literary texts prepared according to language levels intended for use as a source in teaching Turkish as a foreign language to foreign speakers.   Article visualizations

An ethical problem in troubled times: Ethical decision making by local managers employing immigrant workforce in Gaziantep, Turkey

This paper aims to understand the ethical decision-making process of local managers of medium-sized companies in Gaziantep, a highly industrialized metropolis in Turkey, near the Syrian border, where there has been an influx of Syrian refugees. Intensive interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire allowing participants to state their views and tell their stories. The findings revealed that the managers of the companies had difficulty making ethical decisions about how to treat the Syrian immigrants, especially during the initial phase of the crisis, and they took wrong steps when they faced with both economic and social conflicts. Thus, they faced some serious ethical challenges.WOS:00057149930001

The Effect of In-Service Training Courses on Teacher Achievement: A Meta-analysis Study

One of the ways for teachers to improve classroom activities and student achievement is to receive in-service training (IST). This study examines theses that deal with the effects of IST on teachers‘ achievement by means of meta-analysis. A total of five theses, chosen through screening conducted by specified criteria, were included in this meta-analysis. The effect sizes, obtained from these presented theses, were combined, a common effect size belonging to the efficiency of IST courses (Hedge’s g =3.819) was calculated and the organized IST courses were determined to be highly effective within the thesis. It was revealed that there were not enough studies conducted in Turkey that measure the empirical effectiveness of IST and exploring the effectiveness of IST courses was demonstrated to be a virgin area for researchers

A Study on Physical and Chemical Properties of Cellulose Paper Immersed in Various Solvent Mixtures

The cellulose paper treated in proportional mixture systems showed higher liquid absorption compare to only EtOH and MeOH treatments. It was approximately 40–70% and 50–91% higher for EtOH-NaOH and MeOH-NaOH treated papers, respectively. All conditions apparently bring about an effect of decreased strength for papers. The lowest tensile strength of 13.0 N/mm was found with EtOH and NaOH treated samples after 5th repeating wetting-drying stage. But, some conditions gave approximately 21–59.5% higher stretch than untreated samples. The pore size distributions of papers were evaluated with Simons stain procedure and experimental results usually consisted with sorption data. The less intense CH2–CH2- vibrations (1450–1700 cm−1) and C-C and C-O-C peak areas in FTIR spectra indicates lowering H-bonds in solvent treated and dried paper network structure