Analisis Sejarah Kepemimpinan setelah Wafatnya Nabi Muhammad SAW

The history of the caliphate after the death of the Prophet Muhammad from time to time has the same pattern starting from the phases of development, formation, coaching, glory, decline and destruction. This study aims to determine the history of the Khulafaur Rashidun dynasty after the death of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. This study used qualitative research methods. The data collection technique was carried out by means of a literature study through exploration of journals and other information relevant to the study. The results of the study show that the leadership after the death of the Prophet Muhammad was continued by the Khulafur Rasyidin Caliphate, the Umayyad Dynasty, the Abbasid Dynasty, the Fatamiyah Dynasty and the Seljuq Dynasty

Emerging issues on reclaimed land in Malaysia: alienation for freehold or leasehold?

Due to rapid development and land scarcity in the urban areas in Malaysia, the state government has to reclaim the land at the coastal areas in order to meet the need for physical space for commercial activities, housing, public facilities and etc. There are many issues derived from land reclamation; among others environmental degradation, instability of reclaimed land, long term excessive settlement and land reclamation disputes between the states. However in this paper the focus is on the meaning of reclaimed land, powers of the state authority in matters pertaining to reclaimed land, process of alienation of reclaimed land and issuance of title of reclaimed land.The objective of this paper is to present the extend of powers of the state authority in relation to reclaimed i.e. whether the state authority can alienate the reclaimed land in perpetuity or only for a lease of not exceeding 99 year

Coping with climate change through air pollution control: some legal initiatives from Malaysia

Malaysia is committed to addressing climate change and has taken various initiatives in dealing with the matter. At the policy level, the policy makers are charged with identifying possible national response strategies to climate change and implementing them through various tools. One of the focus areas is the regulation of the green house gasses emissions from various sources, including that of industries and motor vehicles. During the past years, Malaysia has introduced a number of emission control measures to deal with air pollution, particularly through the enforcement of environmental law. This paper sets out a range of existing legal strategies on the control of air pollution from both stationary and mobile sources. The objective is to identify how air pollution law in Malaysia helps protect air quality as well as contributes to efforts to deal with climate change

Description of Carbon Dioxide Adsorption and Desorption onto Malaysian Coals under Subcritical Condition

AbstractCoal bed seams have been considered as promising sequestration reservoirs for CO2 disposal to mitigate the green house gas emissions. The CO2 adsorption and desorption attributes of CO2 on dry Malaysian coals (Sarawak, volatile bituminous) were performed using a sorptomat apparatus (ASAP 2010, Micromeritics, USA) and BELSORP-mini II machine (BEL Japan, Inc.) at 273K, 298K and pressure up to 1bar. The CO2 adsorption was favourable at low temperature and dry coal conditions. However, S3 and S4 coals have the highest adsorption capacity by 0.71 and 0.73 mmol/g respectively. According to IUPAC classification of adsorption isotherms, CO2 adsorption isotherm of all coal samples follow type I which most probably describe the adsorption limited to a few molecular layers (micropores). The results of adsorption and desorption isotherm demonstrate a positive hysteresis in all coal samples. The S1 coal and S2 coal have the highest hysteresis between adsorption and desorption isotherm compared to S3 coal and S4 coal. According to hysteresis classifications, the hysteresis during CO2 adsorption and desorption process for all coal samples follows type H3 which describes micropores and mesopores. The evaluation of the equilibrium adsorption data where fitted using by Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Koble-Corrigan, Toth and Sips models. Toth model provided the best fit for all adsorption experimental data that predicting all coals having heterogeneous surface properties

Improving Working Capital Solvency of Islamic Banks Under Macroeconomic Variables

Purpose: The aim of this paper examines the impact of macroeconomic variables: public debt growth, inflation, money supply, balance of payments, and unemployment rate on the solvency of the working capital of Islamic banks in Jordan.   Theoretical framework: The financial ratio index is used by Alhayali and Albutma (1996) to compare total Assets to equity and assess whether the owners have enough rights to keep investing in fixed assets. we couldn't determine the type of relationship of macroeconomic factors on capital solvency.   Design/Methodology/Approach:  The study analyzed multiple linear regression data of economic variables and performance data in Islamic banks during the period 2005-2021.   Findings: The findings demonstrated that economic parameters, with the exception of money supply, are negatively correlated with the solvency of working capital (return on assets, return on deposits, and capital adequacy ratio). And the balance of payments has a positive effect.   Research, practical & social implications: The researcher suggested that the government should reduce the growth rates of public debt, inflation, and unemployment rate, Increasing the balance of payments and the money supply through the establishment of projects that are characterized by labor, and are financed through Islamic banks.   Originality/Value: The improvement of working capital comes as a result of an increase in projects, which in turn will lead to an increase in employment, cash flow, an improvement in exports, and the balance of payments, a decrease in unemployment, and inflation, and thus an improvement in the capacity of working capital

Country report aquatic animal health in Malaysia

Abstract only.The fisheries sector of Malaysia plays a significant role in economic development. It provides employment, foreign exchange and protein supply for the country. In 2017, aquaculture production in Malaysia was 427,022 tonnes, a 4.8 % increase compared to 2016. The increase was driven by population growth, rising demand for seafood and a levelling of production from capture fisheries. However, the rapid growth of aquaculture has been source of anthropogenic change on a massive scale. Aquatic animals cultured in high density are exposed to environment stress leading to diseases. Among major diseases occur in Malaysia are TILV and Streptococcosis in Tilapia, Vibriosis in grouper, and APHND and EHP in shrimp. Losses due to these diseases were reported as USD 0.1 billion for APHND in 2011, MYR 1 million due to Streptococcosis in 2002 and USD 7.4 million in Vibriosis outbreak in 1990. Currently the use of chemicals to overcome these diseases by farmers has led to increase concerns on food safety of food fish. Thus, Malaysia has implemented strict biosecurity measures in fisheries practices to secure not only fish health but also food safety for the consumers. This paper aimed to discuss the status of fish diseases and national diseases response and surveillance in Malaysia

Larval rearing of Asian seabass using rotifer, protozoa, and Euplotes encysticus

Seed production of marine finfish in Malaysia is still facing problem particularly live feed for starter diet. Currently, aqua culturists use S or SS type rotifers, which have sizes from 100 to 200μm. Early stage larvae of some marine finfish species select feeds less than 100 μm. Protozoa is a collective term of aquatic microorganism that has been identified to be suitable live feed, as their body sizes are less than 100μm. Thus, the objective of this experiment is to compare the survival rates of Asian seabass larvae using four types of live feeds. Four types of live feed; rotifer, protozoa, E. encysticus, and mixed (rotifer, protozoa, and E. encysticus) were used in this experiment. The larvae were fed from 2 to 10 day-after-hatching. Asian seabass larvae were given the same amount of live feed in each larval rearing tank; twice a day. The feeding densities were 20 individual / mL for rotifers, protozoa, E. encysticus, and mixed group. Number of seabass larvae in each group was counted every day and their survival rates were determined. Starting from 3 DAH until 10 DAH, mixed group showed the higher survival rates than other groups. The most recommended live feed was mixed group

Prevalence, risk factors and transmission of nervous necrosis virus in a hatchery producing hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) fry

This study investigates the prevalence, risk factors, and transmission of nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in a hatchery producing hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) fry. The eggs and sperm of giant grouper (GG) and tiger groupers (TG) that were collected for breeding purposes within the 12-month study period were sampled to detect NNV. At the same time, three breeding attempts of different NNV status of broodstocks, which were NNV-positive GG × NNV-positive TG, NNV-positive GG × NNV-negative TG and NNV-negative GG × NNV-negative TG were conducted. The produced hybrid grouper (HG) fry was then sampled at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, and 120 days post-hatched to detect the presence of NNV. The fresh fish, live feed, and commercial fish pellet that were used to feed the broodstocks or HG fry throughout the study period were also sampled for NNV detection. The water’s physico-chemical parameters during each sampling were determined. The results revealed that the broodstocks had a low prevalence to NNV. However, when at least one of the broodstocks was NNV-positive, all batches of the fry were NNV-positive at high prevalence. There were consistent associations of ammonia and iron with the presence of NNV in both broodstocks and fry. Phylogenetic tree indicates the possible horizontal and vertical transmissions of NNV in the hatchery culture system. Understandings the epidemiology of NNV in a real hatchery condition can provide significant information for control and prevention of the disease

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Dealing with land-based marine pollution in Malaysia: A refelction on environmental law

This paper discusses sources of land-based marine pollution in Malaysia specifically from point-sources, and examines existing provisions under domestic law relevant to the control of such pollution. Land-based pollutants, including that from point-sources, are known to be major contributors towards marine pollution in Malaysia. Over the years, expansion of economic development along the coastal areas, in addition to increasing population and urbanization, have further contributed towards the pollution of marine environment requiring effective measures to deal with the problem. In this regard, environmental law can play its role particularly in controlling pollution and protecting the quality of marine environment. For this purpose this paper seeks to examine the Environmental Quality Act 1974 which is considered as the most comprehensive environmental legislation in Malaysia on pollution control. This paper focuses on strategies introduced under this Act towards effective control of land-based point sources pollution for the purpose of marine environmental protection