Awareness of Medical Workers with Early Diagnosis of Cognitive Disorders at the Primary Health Care Level in the Republic of Kazakhstan

   BACKGROUND: Early detection of cognitive impairments (CIs) has been identified as one of the most important factors for the treatment of the disease. The World Alzheimer report 2011 states that the earlier a diagnosis is known, the better patients can be treated medically, patients and their family members can adapt to the development and learn to deal with the disease. Early diagnosis also leads to higher cost-effectivity, which will further improve, when treatments and social care interventions become more effective in future. It is the first-contact doctor who becomes the main figure in identifying the patient’s cognitive disorders. AIM: This study aimed to research the awareness of medical workers with early diagnosis of cognitive disorders at the PHC level in Kazakhstan. METHODS: It was a cross-sectional study. A survey of primary healthcare workers was conducted to study the early diagnosis of CI in the elderly in the period from December 2019 to March 2020. The questionnaire was developed independently according to international finding and experiences and passed the validation process. The questionnaire included questions such as age, gender, nationality, education, specialty, work experience, conduct early diagnosis of CI or not, what methods respondents know, time available for admission for early diagnosis, desire to learn early diagnosis methods, and the region of residence. RESULTS: The total number of respondents was 823. To the question, “Do you check older patients for early cognitive impairment?” 335 (40.7%) answered “no.” To the question “Do you have time to use methods for the early diagnosis of cognitive impairment in the elderly during admission?” “no” – 354 (43%). To the question “Would you like to learn methods for the early diagnosis of cognitive impairment in the elderly?” The answer was “yes” 759 (92.2%) of respondents. This study reveals that the presence of time during admission, the region of residence, and the desire to study affect whether elder people check for early CI or not, in turn, specialty, education, gender, nationality, age, and work experience do not affect. We have identified a relationship of age, region of residence with the availability of time during admission to use methods for early diagnosis of CI, while it was absent with work experience. The region of residence, the availability of time during admission, and education influenced the respondents’ desire to learn early diagnosis methods, while age and work experience did not. CONCLUSION: The problem of early diagnosis of CI in the elderly at the PHC level is relevant and not fully understood. Early detection of CI at the PHC level is a key element in the fight against such a serious condition as dementia

THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINKING IN LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

This article deals with the issue of working out and incorporating in educational process of higher educational institutions of the innovative technology for developing skills of critical thinking for the future Management specialists. The research is aimed at revealing both theoretical and practical ideas about critical thinking development in English language teaching. To enhance critical thinking in learners, foreign language teachers use various methods and techniques, consequently there have been described the following methods such as “Lead-in”, “Socratic Questioning”, “Business role play”, “Active reading”, and “Translation”. The use of the above methods by foreign language teachers in classes contribute to the development of critical thinking among students and motivate them for learning a foreign language, as well as making the study process be possible to turn from routine work into interactive, interesting and challenging activities.This article deals with the issue of working out and incorporating in educational process of higher educational institutions of the innovative technology for developing skills of critical thinking for the future Management specialists. The research is aimed at revealing both theoretical and practical ideas about critical thinking development in English language teaching. To enhance critical thinking in learners, foreign language teachers use various methods and techniques, consequently there have been described the following methods such as “Lead-in”, “Socratic Questioning”, “Business role play”, “Active reading”, and “Translation”. The use of the above methods by foreign language teachers in classes contribute to the development of critical thinking among students and motivate them for learning a foreign language, as well as making the study process be possible to turn from routine work into interactive, interesting and challenging activities

Cross-species analysis of viral nucleic acid interacting proteins identifies TAOKs as innate immune regulators

The cell intrinsic antiviral response of multicellular organisms developed over millions of years and critically relies on the ability to sense and eliminate viral nucleic acids. Here we use an affinity proteomics approach in evolutionary distant species (human, mouse and fly) to identify proteins that are conserved in their ability to associate with diverse viral nucleic acids. This approach shows a core of orthologous proteins targeting viral genetic material and species-specific interactions. Functional characterization of the influence of 181 candidates on replication of 6 distinct viruses in human cells and flies identifies 128 nucleic acid binding proteins with an impact on virus growth. We identify the family of TAO kinases (TAOK1, -2 and -3) as dsRNA-interacting antiviral proteins and show their requirement for type-I interferon induction. Depletion of TAO kinases in mammals or flies leads to an impaired response to virus infection characterized by a reduced induction of interferon stimulated genes in mammals and impaired expression of srg1 and diedel in flies. Overall, our study shows a larger set of proteins able to mediate the interaction between viral genetic material and host factors than anticipated so far, attesting to the ancestral roots of innate immunity and to the lineage-specific pressures exerted by viruses. Whether there are conserved nucleic acid (NA) binding proteins across species is not fully known. Using data from human, mouse and fly, the authors identify common binders, implicate TAOKs and show that these kinases bind NAs across species and promote virus defence in mammalian cells.We further thank Korbinian Mayr, Igor Paron, and Gaby Sowa for maintaining mass spectrometers and the MPI-B core facility, especially Judith Scholz, Leopold Urich, Sabine Suppmann, and Stephan Uebel, for support..

Terms of the stability for the control valve of the hydraulic impulse drive of vibrating and vibro-impact machines

The working process and regularities of the functioning of vibrating and vibro-impact machines based on hydroimpulse drive with a singlestage valve pulser are analyzed. The essential characteristics determining the conditions for the excitation and existence of periodic oscillations of the valve-pulser shut-off valve are determined. Using the criterion of A. Hurwitz, based on the differential equation of motion, the existence of undamped periodic oscillations of the valve-pulser shut-off valve is analytically justified.Przeanalizowano działanie i regularność pracy maszyn wibracyjnych oraz maszyn poddawanych wibracjom opartych na napędzie hydro-impulsowym z jednostopniowym zaworem impulsowym. Określono podstawowe cechy wpływające na warunki wzbudzenia oraz występowania drgań okresowych zaworu impulsowego. Przy zastosowaniu kryterium A. Hurwitza, opartego na równaniu różniczkowym ruchu, istnienie nietłumionych drgań okresowych zaworu impulsowego jest analitycznie uzasadnione. (Warunki stabilności zaworu sterującego hydraulicznym napędem impulsowym maszyn wibracyjnych oraz maszyn poddawanych wibracjom)

Open Path FT-IR Spectra Analysis Method for Monitoring of Environment and Processes with Varying Conditions

Open-Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) can be used for monitoring of atmospheric environment. The open path technique is based on the measurement of the absorption along the atmosphere path between radiation source and spectrometer. Measurement paths used in this method have a considerable length – from tens of meters to several kilometers. The main advantage of OP-FTIR spectrometry is the possibility of continuously and simultaneously measuring concentrations of multiple compounds. Unfortunately, quantitative analysis of the spectra of such measurements is a difficult issue due to the changing atmospheric conditions and overlapping of the absorption spectra of various components. Numerous algorithms used for the interpretation of the measured spectra have been proposed. They can be classified into methods using classical chemometric calibration and iterative algorithms. Classical Least Square CLS and Partial Least Square PLS are the most commonly used methods of OP-FTIR spectrometry. Iterative methods are based on comparing measured data with synthetic spectra, that is computational models of investigated optical path transmission. For this purpose, databases such as HITRAN are used. Transmission model must take into account not only the spectral characteristics of gases, but also the measuring instrument influence on the measured spectrum. As an example of modeling the spectra of NH3 and HCl gas are used. Modeling of gas spectra with different resolution is shown. Classical methods of building a chemometric calibration model require appropriate reference samples. This is usually associated with considerable cost and time-consuming calibration process. In addition, correct calibration requires maintaining the same conditions during the calibration, as in practical measurements. This is possible only in the case of laboratory measurements. In particular, it is necessary to maintain a constant temperature and pressure of examined substances. It is connected with changes in width and intensity of gas rotational lines. In classical spectroscopy, changing environmental conditions require new calibration measurements. In the open path spectroscopy, changes in conditions occur naturally along with the changes in the examined environment (object, process). If the measurement conditions in the environment differ from those in calibration measurements, significant errors in determining the content of the ingredients may appear. Greater changes in conditions may occur in a variety of chemical or physical processes. Sometimes it is not possible to perform measurements in conditions similar to those occurring in a particular industrial facility. In such cases, synthetic spectra may be used in two ways: in an iterative process to compare with measured spectra or to form a chemometric calibration models. In the latter case, the problem of changing conditions can be solved in several ways. The simplest method is to build separate calibration models for all conditions that can occur during the measurement. However, in order to use this method, it is necessary to measure the existing conditions and choose an appropriate local model. Another method is to correct the measured spectra and to adapt them to the standard conditions. The third option is to build global models. The spectra of all the conditions that may occur during the measurement are then used for building a calibration model. Then, the effect of temperature on the determination of gas content for local calibration models is investigated. Finally, a global calibration model insensitive to temperature changes in 10-40°C range is built

Development of a multivalent vaccine against human herpesviruses

Current work demonstrates use of modern in silico tools for predicting peptide-based vaccine candidates. Four out of twenty one showed good HSV-2 neutralization activity. Further investigation is needed to obtain effective anti-HSV protective vaccine candidates. Future directions of this work will be further optimization of epitope selection strategy and use of other search algorithms

Endemic Mimosa species from Mexico prefer alphaproteobacterial rhizobial symbionts

The legume genus Mimosa has > 500 species, with two major centres of diversity, Brazil (c. 350 spp.) and Mexico (c. 100 spp.). In Brazil most species are nodulated by Burkholderia. Here we asked whether this is also true of native and endemic Mexican species. We have tested this apparent affinity for betaproteobacteria by examining the symbionts of native and endemic species of Mimosa in Mexico, especially from the central highlands where Mimosa spp. have diversified. Nodules were tested for betaproteobacteria using in situ immunolocalization. Rhizobia isolated from the nodules were genetically characterized and tested for their ability to nodulate Mimosa spp. Immunological analysis of 25 host taxa suggested that most (including all the highland endemics) were not nodulated by betaproteobacteria. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA, recA, nodA, nodC and nifH genes from 87 strains isolated from 20 taxa confirmed that the endemic Mexican Mimosa species favoured alphaproteobacteria in the genera Rhizobium and Ensifer: this was confirmed by nodulation tests. Host phylogeny, geographic isolation and coevolution with symbionts derived from very different soils have potentially contributed to the striking difference in the choice of symbiotic partners by Mexican and Brazilian Mimosa species