Favouritism in Ship Management: A Scale Development and Validation

The most important determinant of quality and safety in ship management is human resources. Personnel turnover rate, job satisfaction level of seafarers, organizational commitment, high level and individual well-being of the employees, have an important role in ensuring quality and safety. In many studies, it may be seen in the results of research that favouritism increases job stress and personnel turnover rate, while decreasing job satisfaction, organizational commitment, motivation, and teamwork. Favouritism has a negative impact on safety and quality management of ships. Based on this important consideration, in this study seafarers\u27 perceptions have been measured, with an aim at developing a valid and reliable favouritism scale. The scale questions, prepared on the basis of semi-structured interviews and favouritism studies, have been applied to 252 different seafarers. As a result of the factor analyses conducted in SPSS 23, a 22-item favouritism scale, consisting of three factors related to demographic and personal characteristics, social rights and opportunities and operational processes, has been developed. The reliability and validity studies of the scale have been conducted, and it has been observed that the scale has high reliability

Devlet tanımada uluslararası hukuka uygunluk : Güney Sudan, Filistin ve Deaş

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Uluslararası hukuk diğer hukuk dallarından farklı olarak bir üst otorite tarafından oluşturulmamakta ve ayrıca uluslararası hukukun uygulanması bir üst otorite tarafından dayatılmamaktadır. Bu nedenle uluslararası hukukun uygulanması, muhataplarının inisiyatifine kalmaktadır. Uluslararası hukukun bu yapısının, ihlalleri tetiklediği ve bu nedenle ihlallerin sıkça yaşandığı düşünülmektedir. Devlet olma iddiasında bulunan birimlerin tanınması gibi, mevcut devletlerin hayatî çıkarlarını etkilemeyen bir konuda uluslararası hukuka uygun davranma düzeyi, uluslararası hukukun ihlalinin yaygınlığı konusundaki tartışmalara ışık tutacaktır. Bu bağlamda Güney Sudan, Filistin ve DEAŞ gibi tanınma düzeyleri birbirinden farklı olan birimlerin tanınma kriterlerine sahip olma durumları incelenmeye değerdir. BM Antlaşması ve Montevideo Sözleşmesi gibi uluslararası metinlerden ve uluslararası teamülden yola çıkılarak tespit edilen devletin tanınması kriterleri, siyaset bilimi çalışmalarıyla açıklığa kavuşturulmuştur. Buna göre süreklilik arz eden nüfus, sınırları belirli bir bölge, hükümet, diğer devletlerle ilişki kurma kapasitesi, uluslararası hukuka saygı gösterme/uymaya istekli olma ve egemen devletin rızası şeklinde sayılabilecek kriterlerin bu üç birimde bulunup bulunmadıkları ve bu durumun onların tanınma düzeyleri ile uyumu yukarıdaki soruya yanıt bulunmasını sağlayacaktır. Tanınma kriterleri, uluslararası antlaşmalar ve teamül şeklindeki uluslararası hukukun kaynaklarından yararlanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Örnek birimlerin sahip oldukları özellikler ise, bu birimlere dair yazılmış akademik metinler, BM kararları başta olmak üzere resmî kararlar ve cüzî miktarda medya kaynakları kullanılarak ortaya koyulmuştur. DEAŞ'ın yeni ortaya çıkmış olması nedeniyle hakkındaki akademik yayın sayısı sınırlıdır ve bu nedenle belirli bir miktar medya kaynaklarına başvurulması gerekmiştir. Metinler üzerinden yapılan çalışma neticesinde devletlerin tanıma konusunda belirli düzeyde uluslararası hukuka uygun davrandıkları gözlenmiştir. Örneğin tanınması söz konusu olmayan DEAŞ, zaten tanınma talebinde bulunmamakta ve hatta uluslararası hukuku reddetmektedir. Dolayısıyla DEAŞ'ın tanınmaması uluslararası hukuk açısından uyumlu bir karar olarak gözükmektedir. Egemen devletin rızası kriterinin günümüzde öne çıkması ve buna mukabil hükümet (etkili yönetim) kriterinin ise önemini yitirmesi bağlamında Güney Sudan'ın tanınması da uluslararası hukuk açısından doğru bir karar olarak görülmektedir. Fakat Güney Sudan örneğine benzer bir durumda bulunan ve hatta pek çok açıdan ondan daha öne çıkan Filistin'in tanınma sürecinde Güney Sudan'a nazaran daha geride kalması uluslararası hukukla uyumlu gözükmemektedir. Buradan hareketle devletlerin eylemleri üzerinde uluslararası hukukun tam bir etkinlik gösterdiğini söylemek mümkün değildir. Fakat devletler, uluslararası hukuk karşısında tam bir kayıtsızlık içinde de değillerdir.International law, different from other branches of law, is not constituted by a higher authority and the application of international law is not enforced by a higher authority. Therefore, the implementation of international law remains at the initiative of the ones dealing with it. It is considered that this structure of international law triggers violations and that consequently these violations are often experienced. The level of compliance with international law in a subject like the recognition of statehood of entities which does not affect the vital interests of existing states will shed light on the debate on the prevalence of violations of international law. In this context, it is worth analyzing the entities with different recognition levels such as South Sudan, Palestine and ISIS, comparing their statutes in meeting the recognition criteria. The statehood recognition criteria obtained from international texts like the UN Charter and the Montevideo Convention as well as from international customary law have been clarified through political science studies. As a result, the criteria that can be counted as a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, the capacity to enter into relations with other states, the willingness to respect /comply with international law and the consent of parent state. Whether these criteria exist in these three entities, and whether their compliance with the entities' levels of recognition will provide an answer for the above question. Recognition criteria have been established through the sources of international law like international treaties and customary international law. The characteristics the sample entities have are obtained from academic texts written on these entities, official decisions (especially UN resolutions) and a limited amount of media resources. Since the emergence of ISIS is new and the number of academic publications is limited, a certain amount of media resources have to be consulted for this reason. As a result of the study made on the texts, it has been observed that in the issue of recognition, governments behave in accordance with international law at a certain level. For example, ISIS, which is not the subject of recognition, is already not in demand of recognition and even refuses international law. Therefore, the non-recognition of ISIS appears to be a decision compliant with international law. The recognition of South Sudan is also seen as a right decision in terms of international law in the context of the prominence of the criterion of the parent state's consent in present day and insignificance of government (effective governance) criterion on the other hand. However, in the case of recognition of Palestine, which is similar to the case of South Sudan and even more prominent in terms of many aspects, it does not seem to comply with international law to remain behind South Sudan. Therefore, it can not be claimed that international law has shown a full effectiveness on the actions of states. But states are not in full disregard for international law

Long time behavior of solutions to the generalized Boussinesq equation in Sobolev spaces

In this paper, we study the generalized Boussinesq equation to model the water wave problem with surface tension. First, we investigate the initial value problem in the Sobolev spaces. We derive some conditions under which the solutions of this equation are global or blow-up in time, and next, we extend our results to the Bessel potential spaces. The asymptotic behavior of the solutions is also determined. The non-existence of solitary waves for some parameters is proved using Pohozaev-type identities. We generate solitary wave solutions of generalized Boussinesq equation using the Petviashvili iteration method numerically. In order to investigate the time evolution of solutions to the generalized Boussinesq equation, we propose the Fourier pseudo-spectral numerical method. After studying the time evolution of the single solitary wave, we focus on the gap interval where neither a global existence nor a blow-up result has been established theoretically. Our numerical results successfully fill the gaps left by the theoretical ones

Analyst Monitoring of Opportunistic Firm Behavior

Prior literature presents mixed evidence about analyst monitoring of opportunistic firm behavior. We find that analysts reduce annual earnings forecasts as well as target prices around earnings announcements of the first three quarters of the fiscal year as if they punish a firm’s accrual-based and real earnings management during the quarters. The forecast reductions are more pronounced when analysts have less conflicts of interest with the firm (i.e., when analysts are employed by smaller brokers and when they are less experienced) and when analysts are less influential and less accurate. We also find that the firm responds to analyst monitoring by reversing its opportunistic behavior during the subsequent quarter. The reversals are more pronounced when the firm relies more on analyst optimism (i.e., when the firm has a lower market capitalization, higher market-to-book ratio and greater use of external financing). Collectively, our findings shed light on the dynamics of analyst monitoring by documenting sequential actions of analysts and the firm after the firm’s opportunistic behavior

Slack And Crash Risk

We examine how a firm’s operational slack is associated with current income and future stock price crash risk. By doing so, we test the validity of a firm’s alternative motivations for holding operational slack. We show that Supply Chain Slack, which is based on excess working capital, is associated with higher current profits and higher future crash risk. This evidence is consistent with the firm hoarding bad news. In contrast, SG&A Slack, which is based on excess selling, general, and administrative expenses, is associated with lower current income and lower future crash risk. This evidence is consistent with the firm insuring against rare and adverse events. Furthermore, a firm’s stock price crash risk is lower when a slack type is more costly, consistent with both motivations. Overall, our findings suggest a stronger profit-crash risk tradeoff when firms hold more operational slack