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O consumo de substâncias psicoativas e os comportamentos aditivos no contexto escolar, constituem hoje um sério problema de saúde pública. A comunidade educativa é confrontada com enormes desafios no sentido do desenvolvimento de uma resposta única, integrada e pragmática para um fenómeno em constante evolução. A avaliação do perfil do uso de drogas numa dada população permite o desenvolvimento de programas mais realistas e ainda, quando a pesquisa é realizada sistematicamente, passa a representar um indicador fundamental para a avaliação dos resultados de intervenções eventualmente implementadas num dado período de tempo. Neste quadro, julgamos pertinente e oportuno a concretização deste estudo e o envolvimento de toda a comunidade escolar assim como parceiros estratégicos com atuação na área da saúde, educação, investigação e intervenção social. Objetivo: - Desenvolver avaliação diagnóstica, ao nível regional, sobre os hábitos, comportamentos de risco, consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas nos adolescentes em idade escolar. - Criar uma estrutura observacional permanente dos comportamentos aditivos dos jovens. Método: Estudo com abordagem quantitativa do tipo descritiva, longitudinal, realizado a 1181 alunos do7º ano de escolaridade das escolas da região Alentejo. A recolha de dados foi realizada através da aplicação de questionário online. O questionário será aplicado anualmente, aos alunos do 7º e 9º ano, no sentido de possibilitar a monitorização dos comportamentos de saúde dos adolescentes relativamente aos consumos nocivos, o que permitirá que cada grupo seja sujeito ao mesmo questionário duas vezes ao longo do seu percurso escolar (no 7º e no 9º ano). Será solicitada a colaboração de todos os atores relevantes das escolas envolvidas no projecto. Resultados: A amostra é constituída por 537 rapazes e 644 raparigas. Da amostra 34,68% consumiram bebidas alcoólicas alguma vez na vida; 39,38% utilizaram o tabaco; 18,95% cheirou demoradamente substâncias como colas, vernizes e solventes por causa dos seus efeitos; 1,81% consumiu marijuana ou haxixe ou erva; 1,03% tranquilizantes ou sedativos e 0,94 % a cocaína. Dos que já fumaram tabaco 70,98% fizeram-no a primeira vez com os amigos. As bebidas mais consumidas foram a cerveja (23,93%), seguido das bebidas destiladas (13,63%) e do vinho (7,67%). 12,18% dos estudantes tomou cinco ou mais bebidas seguidas, nos últimos trinta dias. A maioria começou a consumir bebidas alcoólicas com os amigos (19,08%) ou com um familiar (18,99%). Considerando a idade dos jovens da amostra, os resultados mostram que o acesso às substâncias psicoativas ocorreu em idades bastante precoces. Conclusão: o consumo de novas substâncias psicoativas (lícitas e ilícitas), novos padrões de consumo e novas dependências, têm importantes implicações em termos de saúde pública, ocupando hoje, no quadro das prioridades de intervenção na área da promoção da 176 saúde, um lugar de destaque. Projetos contínuos sujeitos a avaliações rigorosas são um dos caminhos para perceber se os jovens são capazes de enfrentar os riscos e os desafios que espreitam nos vários cenários por onde se movimentam. Neste quadro, o futuro das intervenções comunitárias na área da saúde dirigidas ao meio escolar deverão ter nas evidências científicas um pilar essencial

Excitotoxic lesions in the central nucleus of the amygdala attenuate stress-induced anxiety behavior

The extended amygdala, composed by the amygdaloid nuclei and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), plays a critical role in anxiety behavior. In particular, the link between the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the BNST seems to be critical to the formation of anxiety-like behavior. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) exposure is recognized as a validated animal model of anxiety and is known to trigger significant morphofunctional changes in the extended amygdala. Quite surprisingly, no study has ever analyzed the role of the CeA in the onset of stress-induced anxiety and fear conditioning behaviors; thus, in the present study we induced a bilateral excitotoxic lesion in the CeA of rats that were subsequently exposed to a chronic stress protocol. Data shows that the lesion in the CeA induces different results in anxiety and fear-behaviors. More specifically, lesioned animals display attenuation of the stress response and of stress-induced anxiety-like behavior measured in the elevated-plus maze (EPM) when compared with stressed animals with sham lesions. This attenuation was paralleled by a decrease of stress-induced corticosterone levels. In contrast, we did not observe any significant effect of the lesion in the acoustic startle paradigm. As expected, lesion of the CeA precluded the appearance of fear behavior in a fear-potentiated startle paradigm in both non-stressed and stressed rats. These results confirm the implication of the CeA in fear conditioning behavior and unravel the relevance of this brain region in the regulation of the HPA axis activity and in the onset of anxiety behavior triggered by stress.Ana P. Ventura-Silva, Ana C. Ferreira, Miguel M. Carvalho and Filipa L. Campos were supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) grants

Elderberry Stalks as a Source of High-Value Phytochemical: Essential Minerals and Lipophilic Compounds

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) consumption has been growing in the last years, generating a large number of stalks (~10% of the berries bunch) that are still under-valorized. This study focused on the evaluation of elderberry stalks as a source of high-value phytochemicals. In this vein, the essential mineral content and lipophilic composition were analyzed for the first time. In addition, the polar fraction was evaluated regarding its total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity by both 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assays. The lipophilic fraction was mainly composed of triterpenic acids (2902.20 mg kg−1 of dry weight (dw)), fatty acids (711.73 mg kg−1 dw) and sterols (288.56 mg kg−1 dw). Minor amounts of long-chain aliphatic alcohols and other components were also detected. Ursolic acid (2265.83 mg kg−1 dw), hexadecanoic acid (219.85 mg kg−1 dw) and β-sitosterol (202.74 mg kg−1 dw) were the major lipophilic components verified. The results of this study also indicated that elderberry stalks might be used as a natural source of essential minerals, particularly calcium, iron and potassium, which are known to play important roles in various body functions. The analysis of the polar fraction also showed that elderberry stalks present TPC as high as elderberry themselves as well as considerable antioxidant activity (1.04 and 0.37 mmol TE g−1 of extract, against respectively ABTS and DPPH radicals). These results highlight the potential of elderberry stalks as a natural source of high-value phytochemicals that may be explored in several fieldspublishe

Evaluation of patients on sertindole treatment after failure of other antipsychotics: A retrospective analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Use of the atypical antipsychotic sertindole was suspended for four years due to safety concerns. During the suspension, the regulatory authorities required further studies, including this one, to be conducted. The purpose of this study was to determine if a subset of patients with psychotic illness exists which particularly benefits from sertindole treatment after failure of other antipsychotic drugs, including atypical antipsychotics.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This was a retrospective single-arm observational crossover study of 344 patients, who served as their own controls. Patients mainly from the Sertindole Safety Study who had shown good response to sertindole, and who had followed up to four alternating six month periods of treatment with sertindole and other antipsychotics, were included. (In Period 1 patients took non-sertindole treatment, in Period 2, sertindole was taken, in Period 3, patients reverted to non-sertindole treatment, and in Period 4, sertindole was taken again.) Patient records for each period of treatment were assessed for objective data: number and duration of hospitalizations due to worsening of psychotic symptoms; the amount of self-harming behaviour; indicators of social status. Retrospective evaluation of changes in clinical symptoms from the patients' records was also conducted. Dates and reasons for stopping and/or switching medication were also recorded.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There was improvement in all objective measured parameters during the periods of sertindole treatment. In particular, the average number of hospitalizations per year due to worsening of psychotic symptoms was reduced in the following way in the group studied over four treatment periods: Period 1 (non-sertindole treatment) 3.4; Period 2 (sertindole treatment) 1.0; Period 3 (non-sertindole treatment) 2.0; Period 4 (sertindole treatment) 1.8. The duration of hospitalizations also decreased significantly during the periods of sertindole treatment. Results showed that patients improved in objective social parameters when switched to sertindole treatment; assessment of the patients' affective lives showed a significant increase in the number of patients having a stable relationship during sertindole treatment; and assessment of the number of patients employed showed an increase after the first and second switch to sertindole treatment (from Period 1 to Period 2 and from Period 3 to Period 4, respectively).</p> <p>Adverse events and lack of efficacy were the main reasons for switching to sertindole.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>A group of patients benefited from sertindole after other antipsychotic treatments, including that with atypical antipsychotics, had failed. Further studies are needed to investigate if there is a specific patient profile that corresponds to these responders.</p

Heteroskedasticity testing through a comparison of Wald statistics

This paper shows that a test for heteroskedasticity within the context of classical linear regression can be based on the difference between Wald statistics in heteroskedasticity-robust and nonrobust forms. The test is asymptotically distributed under the null hypothesis of homoskedasticity as chi-squared with one degree of freedom. The power of the test is sensitive to the choice of parametric restriction used by the Wald statistics, so the supremum of a range of individual test statistics is proposed. Two versions of a supremum-based test are considered: the first version does not have a known asymptotic null distribution, so the bootstrap is employed to approximate its empirical distribution. The second version has a known asymptotic distribution and, in some cases, is asymptotically pivotal under the null. A simulation study illustrates the use and finite-sample performance of both versions of the test. In this study, the bootstrap is found to provide better size control than asymptotic critical values, namely with heavy-tailed, asymmetric distributions of the covariates. In addition, the use of well-known modifications of the heteroskedasticity consistent covariance matrix estimator of OLS coefficients is also found to benefit the tests’ overall behaviour.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Determination of median in tabular and graphic context

Neste estudo, cujo objetivo é averiguar a influência do contexto dos dados na determinação da mediana, estudam-se as resoluções de 332 alunos portugueses do 8.º ano, a duas questões, uma com os dados organizados numa tabela de frequências e outra num gráfico de barras. Seguindo uma metodologia mista, quantitativa e qualitativa, realiza-se uma análise de frequências de quatro categorias ordinais de respostas (corretas, parcialmente corretas, incorretas e não respostas) e uma análise semiótica das resoluções aplicando o Enfoque Ontossemiótico do conhecimento e ensino da Matemática na identificação de objetos e processos matemáticos que intervêm nas resoluções. Em geral, os alunos revelaram maior propensão para não responderem à determinação da mediana em contexto gráfico, mas os que responderam tendem a determinar a mediana com menor dificuldade. Os conflitos semióticos identificados aparentam não estar dependentes da forma de apresentação dos dados, embora ocorra maior número de respostas não corretas no contexto tabelar do que no contexto gráficopublishe

Estimation of Default Probabilities Using Incomplete Contracts Data

This paper develops a count data model for credit scoring which allows the estimation of default probabilities using incomplete contracts data. The model is based on the beta-binomial distribution, which is found to be particularly adequate to describe this sort of data. A well known data set on personal loans granted by a Spanish bank is used to illustrate the application of the proposed model

Out of sight, out of mind? – The role of family environment in adolescent adjustment

Although many times underestimated, family still plays a crucial role in adolescence as a developmental context that can prevent risk and promote positive outcomes. Changes in society have involved an increasing number of new family arrangements, urging researchers to understand to what extent family structure and environment impacts individuals’ psychological adjustment, not only in childhood, but also in adolescence, when rapid and multiple developmental changes occur. Our paper focuses on the role of family environment and structure on internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescence through two hypotheses: (1) family environment predicts internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescence; (2) family structure impacts family environment and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. 489 individuals between 9 and 17 years old (60.5 % females) were recruited in schools in the region of Coimbra (Portugal) and asked to fill the Portuguese versions of two self-report measures for this study: Youth Self-Report, and Family Environment Scale, together with a sociodemographic questionnaire. After running regression analysis, we confirmed that family environment factors (conflict, organization and cohesion) play a significant role in internalizing and externalizing symptoms. ANOVA confirmed differences in antisocial behaviour, anxiety/depression and thought problems, but not on family environment factors, between children in traditional and non-traditional family structures. We conclude that family environment offers an important contribution to psychological adjustment and needs to be addressed in prevention/intervention programmes. Although we found significant differences between traditional and non-traditional families in some internalizing and externalizing symptoms, those differences do not seem to be related to family environment. Thus, although family structure may impact adjustment in adolescence, it is not related to the fact that non-traditional family arrangements involve poorer family environments. More research is needed in order to understand what other factors may be involved in non-traditional families’ experiences that explain higher antisocial behaviour, anxiety/depression and thought problems in adolescents