Mulheres e desvio: crimes sexuais e operadores da justiça

As sociedades democráticas regem-se por dois princípios fundamentais, nomeadamente o da liberdade e o da igualdade. Assim sendo, aos olhos da lei, todos os cidadãos são detentores dos mesmos direitos e deveres, sendo que ninguém pode beneficiar ou ser prejudicado em razão de fatores como o sexo. Não obstante, as perspetivas criminológicas feministas que vieram abordar a problemática das desigualdades de género têm vindo a sugerir que, no seio da Justiça Criminal, existe uma disparidade de tratamentos entre as mulheres e os homens delinquentes. Nesse âmbito surgiram duas teorias-chave que sugerem resultados contrários: a tese do galanterio e a tese da mulher maléfica. Optámos por testar as duas teorias aplicando-as somente aos crimes de índole sexual não só pela escassez de estudos sobre a temática da mulher agressora sexual, mas também por estes serem crimes que desafiam profundamente as normas da feminilidade. Assim sendo, a presente investigação tem como principal objetivo determinar se o género do agressor tem influência na forma como os operadores da Justiça respondem a crimes sexuais. Desta forma, pretendemos preencher uma lacuna existente na literatura científica e contribuir para o aumento da consciencialização da problemática das desigualdades de género. Esta investigação é de caráter exploratório e explicativo com enfoque qualitativo e quantitativo. Os dados foram recolhidos através da análise comparativa de 9 acórdãos dos tribunais e de um inquérito por questionário que contou com 430 participantes. Ao encontro daquilo que é sugerido na literatura científica, concluiu-se que as mulheres que perpetram crimes sexuais são tratadas de forma mais benevolente e que, na atualidade, o papel doméstico da mulher é um dos fatores que continuam a potenciar a invisibilidade deste fenómeno.Democratic societies are driven by two crucial principles, namely freedom and equality. Therefore, in the eyes of the law, all citizens have the same rights and responsibilities. Hence, no one can benefit or be harmed due to factors such as gender. Nevertheless, feminist criminological perspectives that came to address the issue of gender inequality have been suggesting that, within the Criminal Justice System, there is a treatment disparity between delinquent women and men. In this context, two key theories that suggest contrary results have emerged, namely the chivalry thesis and the Evil Woman thesis. We opted to test these two theories applying them particularly to sexual crimes not only due to the lack of studies on the topic of female sex offenders, but also because these are crimes that deeply defy the norms of femininity. Therefore, the primary aim of this investigation is to determine if the offender’s gender has an influence on how Justice operators respond to sexual crimes. Thus, we pretend to fill a gap in the scientific literature and to contribute to raise awareness around the issue of gender inequalities. This is an exploratory and explanatory investigation with a qualitative and a quantitative approach. Data was collected through the comparative analysis of 9 court decisions and the responses of 430 participants of an online questionnaire survey. In consensus with what is suggested in the scientific literature, it was concluded that women who perpetrate sexual crimes are treated more leniently and that, nowadays, women’s domestic role is one of the factors that continue to contribute to the invisibility of this phenomenon

Quantum circuits to measure scalar spin chirality

The scalar spin chirality is a three-body physical observable that plays an outstanding role both in classical magnetism, characterizing non-coplanar spin textures, and in quantum magnetism, as an order parameter for chiral spin liquids. In quantum information, the scalar spin chirality is a witness of genuine tripartite entanglement. Here we propose an indirect measurement scheme, based on the Hadamard test, to estimate the scalar spin chirality for general quantum states. We apply our method to study chirality in two types of quantum states: generic one-magnon states of a ferromagnet, and the ground state of a model with competing symmetric and antisymmetric exchange. We show a single-shot determination of the scalar chirality is possible for chirality eigenstates, via quantum phase estimation with a single auxiliary qutrit. Our approach provides a unified theory of chirality in classical and quantum magnetism.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Femtosecond laser and microkeratome-assisted Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty: first clinical results

Purpose: To evaluate the use of a femtosecond laser combined with a microkeratome in the preparation of posterior corneal disks for Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).
Methods: This experimental study involved ultrathin DSAEK tissue preparation of 22 donor corneas unsuitable for transplantation. The first cut was performed with an Intralase® FS60 laser and the second cut with a Moria CBm 300-µm microkeratome. The thickness of the first cut was modified for each cornea to obtain a final graft thickness of less than 110 µm. Precut and postcut central pachymetry were performed with an ultrasonic pachymeter. Central endothelial cell density (ECD) was calculated before and 24 hours after tissue preparation. 
Results: Final graft thickness was 105.0 ± 26.1 (SD) µm (range 65-117). The mean microkeratome head cut thickness was 324.5 ± 10.9 µm (range 310-345). Precut and postcut ECDs averaged 2250 ± 222 and 2093 ± 286 cells/mm2, respectively, representing 6.9% of cell loss. No corneas were perforated.
Conclusion: Femtosecond FS60 lasers and Moria CBm 300-µm microkeratomes can be used sequentially to prepare consistently thin DSAEK grafts with no irregular cuts or cornea perforations

Balanced Scorecard as a management model in the waste sector

All Organizations recognize that internal methodologies and frameworks are very important to have a thorough knowledge of their potential, simultaneous increase competitiveness and, correspondingly, enhance and optimize the performance of their service. Waste management is a challenge of modern society, and there is awareness that responsibility of waste management should be shared by all community, to cooperate and ensure a sustainable development with the best principles and best management practices. It is a citizenship issue, where citizens contribute adopting preventative behaviours in the production of waste, as well as practices that facilitate waste recycling, reuse and recovery, which contribute to reduce the waste life cycle. This concern and the service improvement involve the minimization of the environmental impacts, the conservation of the natural resources, the reduction of pollutant emissions, as well as the design of the solutions for the collection, transfer and transport, treatment and waste final deposition, and the allocation of human and financial resources. The need for a sustainable management of resources has led to the design and development of management models in waste systems to assess in what extent the various tasks or activities are (or are not) carried out in accordance with the objectives established in advance and the efforts, decisions and operational actions developed by organisations to improve the quality of its work. Thus, given the problems and requirements of the waste sector, it is necessary to outline and plan sustainable strategies for the management system. Therefore, the objective of the present work is the application and study of key concepts related to design and implementation of a management model, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). This is a management method based on critical success factors, which propose is to translate through a systemic approach, the mission and strategy of Organizations (private or public / nonprofit) in operational objectives, arranged into perspectives interconnected in a cause-effect relation. It connects the strategic objectives to measurable measures (performance indicators) that indicate the success or failure of the adopted strategy, contributing to a review. The BSC is a very useful and simple management tool, which perfectly suits the needs of the waste sector. It works as a measurement and management system, and a basis for the strategy communication to all elements of the system, and through a joint analysis, demonstrates of the importance of all stakeholders to the overall management, encouraging their involvement and motivation

TWO RECIPES FROM PORTUGUESE TRADITION OF GILDING ON WOODEN SUPPORT BETWEEN LABORATORY REPRODUCTION AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION

This paper has the main purpose to compile and highlight the first data obtained from experimental studies on docμmented reconstructions of gilded composites performed within a research project on gilding materials and techniques in Portugal (www.gilt-teller.pt) funded by FCT. Two water gilding recipes were appropriately chosen from the treatises written by the Portuguese Filipe Nunes (1615) and José Lopes Baptista de Almada (1749) as being representative for Baroque époque. Based on these recipes, the production of raw materials - “gesso grosso”, “gesso fino”, bole, animal glue (from lamb and goat skins) - was made as faithful as possible. Their application was then performed in laboratory following the indications given by these authors or by treatises of previous époques (e.g. the Bolognese treatise for thawing leather), on plane and curved wooden supports (pine and oak species) using three types of leaf: gold (Au/Ag/Cu) of 22 and 23.75 karat respectively and silver. After the completion of gilding, the samples’ surfaces were divided into areas and on each different finishing layers (wax, animal glue size) and decorations (punching, “esgrafitado”, “estofado”) were applied. An analytical campaign using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on surfaces and cross sections, X-ray diffraction (XRD), microcomputerized tomography (microCT) and colorimetry (CIEL*a*b*) was undertaken in order to characterize the gilded composites and to assess the faithfulness of the reproductions in the laboratory. Correlations between the information given by the recipes and the composition and stratigraphical patterns of the reconstructions can be established. Furthermore, the study aims to highlight the difficulties encountered in analyzing real samples and comparing the results with those from reproductions as the number and types of layered materials are not always reproducible. A critical approach is needed and criteria for faithful reproduction of ancient recipes are suggested

Dispositivos organizacionais e ferramentas de comunicação interna: o caso ISCTE-IUL

O presente projecto pretende analisar a comunicação interna de uma instituição portuguesa de renome no ensino, o ISCTE-IUL, centrando-se nos dispositivos e ferramentas organizacionais. A investigação realizada tem como propósito a possível criação de linhas orientadoras e soluções constituintes de um plano de intervenção na comunicação interna do ISCTE-IUL. Através da revisão de literatura efectuada será possível verificar a importância da comunicação interna enquanto ferramenta de gestão nos dias de hoje, fazendo referência a todos os componentes que justificam o seu papel na organização. Deste modo, a análise efectuada através da realização de um conjunto de entrevistas a diversos colaboradores do ISCTE-IUL, permitirá perceber o papel preponderante dos mesmos enquanto principais agentes no desenvolvimento do projecto. A importância da concretização deste projecto, no âmbito da análise da comunicação interna e essencialmente dos dispositivos e ferramentas organizacionais, pretende acrescentar valor à prossecução do cumprimento de objectivos organizacionais, fomentar o espírito de equipa e propor soluções promotoras da confiança no ISCTE-IUL enquanto instituição.This project intends to analyze the internal communication of a notorious portuguese institution in teaching, ISCTE-IUL, focusing on devices and organizational tools. The investigation is concerned about the possible creation of guidelines and solutions that constitute a plan of intervention in the internal communication of ISCTE-IUL. Through literature review carried out it will be possible to verify the importance of internal communication as a management tool today, referring to all the components that justify its role in the organization. Thus, the analysis by performing a series of interviews with a variety of ISCTE-IUL collaborators, will realize the significance of their roles as major players in developing the project. The importance of realization this project, in the review of internal communication and essentially devices and organizational tools, aims to add value to the pursuit of the fulfillment of organizational goals, encourage team spirit and propose solutions that promote trust in ISCTE-IUL as an the institution

Despertar para o pensar: o conto como suporte textual em filosofia para crianças

Despertar para o pensar, O conto como suporte textual em Filosofia para Crianças propõe um estudo em que se estabelece que o desenvolvimento do pensar da criança se pode dar a partir do seu contacto com textos específicos. O estudo que fizemos desenvolveu-se partir de uma análise de textos tendo como referências uma selecção feita sobre a colectânea de “estórias” dos irmãos Grimm e as novelas filosóficas de Matthew Lipman. Partindo do pressuposto que os contos de fadas podem ser mais de que um entretém lúdico, é na obra de Bruno Bettelheim que se revelam as possibilidades destes que até então teriam sido ignoradas. A partir da sua análise, e encontrando a novela filosófica desenvolvida por Matthew Lipman, propusemo-nos analisar o conto de fadas tanto como possibilidade filosófica para a criança, como patamar para um pensar melhor e por si mesma. Fazendo uma análise das partes constituintes do conto de fadas e respectiva importância para a criança encontramos neste elementos que motivam o desenvolvimento do seu pensar. Partes que denominámos O princípio, o meio e o fim, O mundo do faz-de-conta, E todos viveram felizes para sempre e O recurso nos contos de fadas à metáfora, ao simbólico e ao non-sense revelaram-se possibilidades que subtraem a criança a um pensamento que poderia ser restrito para lhe possibilitar uma abstracção que se revela construtiva. Uma outra parte do trabalho incidirá especialmente sobre a obra de Matthew Lipman, mais precisamente sobre a novela filosófica que estrutura o projecto Filosofia para Crianças, e respectiva comparação com o conto de fadas. Colocando-se a questão: Será que os contos de fadas contêm em si, tal como as novelas filosóficas de Matthew Lipman, os elementos que estimulam a criança para o pensar? Tendo como referência teórica principalmente Bruno Bettelheim e Matthew Lipman, entre outros, é a partir das suas obras que desenvolvemos o nosso estudo para determinar a importância do conto de fadas, ou da novela filosófica, como estímulo para o pensar, e consequentemente para o desenvolvimento integral da criança; ### Abstract: Awake to the think, The tale as textual support in Philosophy for Children proposes a study which establishes that the development of the thought in the child can be given from his contact with specific texts. The study that we have developed become from an analysis of texts and having as references a selection made on the collection of "stories" of the Brothers Grimm and Matthew Lipman's philosophical novels. Based on the assumption that fairy tales may be more than an entertaining is the work of Bruno Bettelheim which revealed the possibilities of those stories that until then had been ignored. From his analysis, and finding the philosophical novel developed by Matthew Lipman, we propose to analyze the fairy tale as philosophical possibility for the child, as a base for a better thinking and for himself. By making an analysis of the constituent parts of fairy tale and their importance for the child we find in it elements that motivate the development of their thinking. Parties that we have denominated The principle, The middle and the end, The world of make-believe, And all lived happily ever after and The recourse in fairy tales to the metaphor, the symbolic and non-sense reveled to be possibilities which subtract the child of a thought that could be restricted to provide an abstraction that reveals itself as constructive. Another part of the work will focus particularly the work of Matthew Lipman, more precisely the philosophical novel which structures the project Philosophy for Children, and their comparison with fairy tale. By placing the question: Is that fairy tales contain in itself, like Matthew Lipman’s philosophical novels, the elements that encourage the child to think? Having as theoretical reference mainly Bruno Bettelheim and Matthew Lipman, among others, is from their works that we have developed our study to determine the importance of the fairy tale, or the philosophical novel, as a stimulus for the think, and therefore for the integral development of child

Semiclassical approach to black hole absorption of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a rotating charge

We consider an electric charge, minimally coupled to the Maxwell field, rotating around a Schwarzschild black hole. We investigate how much of the radiation emitted from the swirling charge is absorbed by the black hole and show that most of the photons escape to infinity. For this purpose we use the Gupta-Bleuler quantization of the electromagnetic field in the modified Feynman gauge developed in the context of quantum field theory in Schwarzschild spacetime. We obtain that the two photon polarizations contribute quite differently to the emitted power. In addition, we discuss the accurateness of the results obtained in a full general relativistic approach in comparison with the ones obtained when the electric charge is assumed to be orbiting a massive object due to a Newtonian force.Comment: 8 pages (revtex), 8 figure