802 research outputs found
Wind-shearing in gaseous protoplanetary disks
One of the first stages of planet formation is the growth of small
planetesimals and their accumulation into large planetesimals and planetary
embryos. This early stage occurs much before the dispersal of most of the gas
from the protoplanetary disk. Due to their different aerodynamic properties,
planetesimals of different sizes/shapes experience different drag forces from
the gas at these stage. Such differential forces produce a wind-shearing effect
between close by, different size planetesimals. For any two planetesimals, a
wind-shearing radius can be considered, at which the differential acceleration
due to the wind becomes greater than the mutual gravitational pull between the
planetesimals. We find that the wind-shearing radius could be much smaller than
the gravitational shearing radius by the Sun (the Hill radius), i.e. during the
gas-phase of the disk wind-shearing could play a more important role than tidal
perturbations by the Sun. Here we study the wind-shearing radii for
planetesimal pairs of different sizes and compare it with gravitational
shearing (drag force vs. gravitational tidal forces). We then discuss the role
of wind-shearing for the stability and survival of binary planetesimals, and
provide stability criteria for binary planetesimals embedded in a gaseous disk.Comment: To be published in the proceedings of IAU 276: The Astrophysics of
planetary systems - formation, structure, and dynamical evolutio
Wind-shearing in gaseous protoplanetary disks and the evolution of binary planetesimals
One of the first stages of planet formation is the growth of small
planetesimals. This early stage occurs much before the dispersal of most of the
gas from the protoplanetary disk. Due to their different aerodynamic
properties, planetesimals of different sizes and shapes experience different
drag forces from the gas during this time. Such differential forces produce a
wind-shearing (WISH) effect between close by, different size planetesimals. For
any two planetesimals, a WISH radius can be considered, at which the
differential acceleration due to the wind becomes greater than the mutual
gravitational pull between the planetesimals. We find that the WISH radius
could be much smaller than the Hill radius, i.e. WISH could play a more
important role than tidal perturbations by the star. Here we study the WISH
radii for planetesimal pairs of different sizes and compare the effects of wind
and gravitational shearing (drag force vs. gravitational tidal force). We then
discuss the role of WISH for the stability and survival of binary
planetesimals. Binaries are sheared apart by the wind if they are wider than
their WISH radius. WISH-stable binaries can inspiral and possibly coalesce due
to gas drag. Here, we calculate the WISH radius and the gas drag-induced merger
timescale, providing stability and survival criteria for gas-embedded binary
planetesimals. Our results suggest that even WISH-stable binaries may merge in
times shorter than the lifetime of the gaseous disk. This may constrain
currently observed binary planetesimals to have formed far from the star or at
a late stage after the dispersal of most of the disk gas. We note that the WISH
radius may also be important for other processes such as planetesimal erosion
and planetesimal encounters and collisions in a gaseous environment.Comment: ApJ, in pres
Oral corticosteroids in asthma and beyond : moving forward
Peer reviewedPostprin
Worldwide Characterization of Severe Asthma Patients Eligible for both antiâIL-5 and anti-IgE Biologic Therapy : data from the International Severe Asthma Registry (ISAR)
Funding: ISAR is conducted by OPC Global, and co-funded by OPC Global and AstraZeneca.Peer reviewedPostprin
Bostonia: The Boston University Alumni Magazine. Volume 11
Founded in 1900, Bostonia magazine is Boston University's main alumni publication, which covers alumni and student life, as well as university activities, events, and programs
Evaluating the real-life effect of MP-AzeFlu on asthma outcomes in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma in UK primary care
This study was supported by funding from BGP Products Operations GmbH (A MylanCompany). BGP Products Operations GmbH was given the opportunity to review the manuscript for medical and scientific accuracy as well as for intellectual property considerations. The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article was derived from the Optimum Patient Care Research Database (www.opcrd.co.uk). The OPCRD has ethical approval from the National Health Service (NHS) Research Authority to hold and process anonymized research data (Research Ethics Committee reference: 15/EM/0150). This study was approved by the Anonymized Data Ethics Protocols and Transparency (ADEPT) committee â the independent scientific advisory committee for the OPCRD. The authors do not have permission to give public access to the study dataset; researchers may request access to OPCRD data for their own purposes. Access to OCPRD can be made via the OCPRD website (https://opcrd.co.uk/our-database/data-requests/) or via the enquiries email [email protected] reviewedPublisher PD
Inside-Out Evacuation of Transitional Protoplanetary Disks by the Magneto-Rotational Instability
How do T Tauri disks accrete? The magneto-rotational instability (MRI)
supplies one means, but protoplanetary disk gas is typically too poorly ionized
to be magnetically active. Here we show that the MRI can, in fact, explain
observed accretion rates for the sub-class of T Tauri disks known as
transitional systems. Transitional disks are swept clean of dust inside rim
radii of ~10 AU. Stellar coronal X-rays ionize material in the disk rim,
activating the MRI there. Gas flows from the rim to the star, at a rate limited
by the depth to which X-rays ionize the rim wall. The wider the rim, the larger
the surface area that the rim wall exposes to X-rays, and the greater the
accretion rate. Interior to the rim, the MRI continues to transport gas; the
MRI is sustained even at the disk midplane by super-keV X-rays that Compton
scatter down from the disk surface. Accretion is therefore steady inside the
rim. Blown out by radiation pressure, dust largely fails to accrete with gas.
Contrary to what is usually assumed, ambipolar diffusion, not Ohmic
dissipation, limits how much gas is MRI-active. We infer values for the
transport parameter alpha on the order of 0.01 for GM Aur, TW Hyd, and DM Tau.
Because the MRI can only afflict a finite radial column of gas at the rim, disk
properties inside the rim are insensitive to those outside. Thus our picture
provides one robust setting for planet-disk interaction: a protoplanet interior
to the rim will interact with gas whose density, temperature, and transport
properties are definite and decoupled from uncertain initial conditions. Our
study also supplies half the answer to how disks dissipate: the inner disk
drains from the inside out by the MRI, while the outer disk photoevaporates by
stellar ultraviolet radiation.Comment: Accepted to Nature Physics June 7, 2007. The manuscript for
publication is embargoed per Nature policy. This arxiv.org version contains
more technical details and discussion, and is distributed with permission
from the editors. 10 pages, 4 figure
Genome-wide association study with 1000 genomes imputation identifies signals for nine sex hormone-related phenotypes.
PublishedJournal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tThis is the final version of the article. Available from Nature Publishing Group via the DOI in this record.Genetic factors contribute strongly to sex hormone levels, yet knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms remains incomplete. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified only a small number of loci associated with sex hormone levels, with several reproductive hormones yet to be assessed. The aim of the study was to identify novel genetic variants contributing to the regulation of sex hormones. We performed GWAS using genotypes imputed from the 1000 Genomes reference panel. The study used genotype and phenotype data from a UK twin register. We included 2913 individuals (up to 294 males) from the Twins UK study, excluding individuals receiving hormone treatment. Phenotypes were standardised for age, sex, BMI, stage of menstrual cycle and menopausal status. We tested 7,879,351 autosomal SNPs for association with levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), oestradiol, free androgen index (FAI), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, progesterone, sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone. Eight independent genetic variants reached genome-wide significance (P<5 Ă 10(-8)), with minor allele frequencies of 1.3-23.9%. Novel signals included variants for progesterone (P=7.68 Ă 10(-12)), oestradiol (P=1.63 Ă 10(-8)) and FAI (P=1.50 Ă 10(-8)). A genetic variant near the FSHB gene was identified which influenced both FSH (P=1.74 Ă 10(-8)) and LH (P=3.94 Ă 10(-9)) levels. A separate locus on chromosome 7 was associated with both DHEAS (P=1.82 Ă 10(-14)) and progesterone (P=6.09 Ă 10(-14)). This study highlights loci that are relevant to reproductive function and suggests overlap in the genetic basis of hormone regulation.We thank Roche Diagnostics Australia Pty Limited, Castle Hill, Australia, who provided support for the analysis of the hormones. We thank the volunteer twins for their participation in the study. Twins UK received funding support from NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (grant to Guysâ and St Thomasâ Hospitals and Kingâs College London); the Chronic Disease Research Foundation; Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the Fonds de la Recherche en SantĂ© QuĂ©bec, The Lady Davis Institute, the Jewish General Hospital and MinistĂšre du DĂ©veloppement Ă©conomique, de l'Innovation et de l'Exportation du Quebec. The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC project grants 1010494, 1048216), and Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Research (grant PP2009/028). This work was supported by funding from the Wellcome Trust (092447/Z/10/Z) and Medical Research Council (MC_U106179472)
Bostonia: The Boston University Alumni Magazine. Volume 12
Founded in 1900, Bostonia magazine is Boston Universityâs main alumni publication
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