36,484 research outputs found
Intake Ground Vortex Prediction Methods
For an aircraft turbofan engine in ground operations or during the take-off run a ground vortex can occur which is ingested and could potentially adversely affect the engine performance and operation. The vortex characteristics depend on the ground clearance, intake flow capture ratio and the relative wind vector. It is a complex flow for which there is currently very little appropriate quantitative preliminary design information. These aspects are addressed in this work where a range of models are developed to provide a method for estimating the key metrics such as the formation boundary and the ground vortex size and strength. Three techniques are presented which utilize empirical, analytical and semi-empirical approaches. The empirical methods are primarily based on a large dataset of model-scale experiments which quantitatively measured the ground vortex characteristics for a wide range of configurations. These include the effects of intake ground clearance, approaching boundary layer thickness, intake Mach number and capture velocity ratio. Overall the models are able to predict some of the key measured behaviours such as the velocity ratio for maximum vortex strength. With increasing empiricism for key sub-elements of the model construction, an increasing level of agreement is found with the experimental results. Overall the three techniques provide a relatively quick and easy method in establishing the important vortex characteristics for a given headwind configuration which is of significant use from a practical engineering perspective
Amenability and co-amenability of algebraic quantum groups
We define concepts of amenability and co-amenability for algebraic quantum
groups in the sense of A. Van Daele. We show that co-amenability of an
algebraic quantum group always implies amenability of its dual. Various
necessary and/or sufficient conditions for amenability or co-amenability are
obtained. Co-amenability is shown to have interesting consequences for the
modular theory in the case that the algebraic quantum group is of compact type.Comment: 25 pages, with some minor corrections, as to appear in the IJMM
Numerical solutions of the one-dimensional nucleon-meson cascade equations
Numerical integration of meson-nucleon cascade equations for accelerator shielding calculation
3-d resistive MHD simulations of magnetic reconnection and the tearing mode instability in current sheets
Magnetic reconnection plays a critical role in many astrophysical processes
where high energy emission is observed, e.g. particle acceleration,
relativistic accretion powered outflows, pulsar winds and probably in
dissipation of Poynting flux in GRBs. The magnetic field acts as a reservoir of
energy and can dissipate its energy to thermal and kinetic energy via the
tearing mode instability. We have performed 3d nonlinear MHD simulations of the
tearing mode instability in a current sheet. Results from a temporal stability
analysis in both the linear regime and weakly nonlinear (Rutherford) regime are
compared to the numerical simulations. We observe magnetic island formation,
island merging and oscillation once the instability has saturated. The growth
in the linear regime is exponential in agreement with linear theory. In the
second, Rutherford regime the island width grows linearly with time. We find
that thermal energy produced in the current sheet strongly dominates the
kinetic energy. Finally preliminary analysis indicates a P(k) 4.8 power law for
the power spectral density which suggests that the tearing mode vortices play a
role in setting up an energy cascade.Comment: 4 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in the International
Journal of Modern Physics D, proceedings of HEPRO meeting, held in Dublin, in
September 200
Effect of microstructure and temperature on the erosion rates and mechanisms of modified EB PVD TBCs
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have now been used in gas turbine engines for a
number of decades and are now considered to be an accepted technology. As there
is a constant drive to increase the turbine entry temperature, in order to
increase engine efficiency, the coatings operate in increasingly hostile
environments. Thus there is a constant drive to both increase the temperature
capabilities of TBCs while at the same time reducing their thermal
conductivities. The thermal conductivity of standard 7 wt% yttria stabilized
zirconia (7YSZ) electron beam (EB) physical vapour deposited (PVD) TBCs can be
reduced in two ways: the first by modification of the microstructure of the TBC
and the second by addition of ternary oxides. By modifying the microstructure of
the TBC such that there are more fine pores, more photon scattering centres are
introduced into the coatings, which reduce the heat transfer by radiation. While
ternary oxides will introduce lattice defects into the coating, which increases
the phonon scattering, thus reducing the thermal conductivity via lattice
vibrations. Unfortunately, both of these methods can have a negative effect on
the erosion resistance of EB PVD TBCs. This paper compares the relative erosion
rates of ten different EB PVD TBCs tested at 90à ° impact at room temperature and
at high temperature and discusses the results in term of microstructural and
temperature effects. It was found that by modifying the coating deposition, such
that a low density coating with a highly â  featheredâ  microstructure formed,
generally resulted in an increase in the erosion rate at room temperature. When
there was a significant change between the room temperature and the high
temperature erosion mechanism it was accompanied by a significant decrease in
the erosion rate, while additions of dopents was found to significantly increase
the erosion rate at room and high temperature. However, all the modified
coatings still had a lower erosion rate than a plasma sprayed coatings. So,
although, relative to a standard 7YSZ coating, the modified coatings have a
lower erosion resistance, they still perform better than PS TBCs and their lower
thermal conductivities could make them viable alternatives to 7YSZ for use in
gas turbine en
Teacher and student perceptions of the development of learner autonomy : a case study in the biological sciences
Biology teachers in a UK university expressed a majority view that student learning autonomy increases with progression through university. A minority suggested that pre-existing diversity in learning autonomy was more important and that individuals not cohorts differ in their learning autonomy. They suggested that personal experience prior to university and age were important and that mature students are more autonomous than 18-20 year olds. Our application of an autonomous learning scale (ALS) to four year-groups of biology students confirmed that the learning autonomy of students increases through their time at university but not that mature students are necessarily more autonomous than their younger peers. It was evident however that year of study explained relatively little
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