isolasi dan karakterisasi protein hemaglutinin sub unit pill Salmonella typhi=Isolation and Characterization of Hemaglutinin Protein Sub Unit Pili Salmonella typhi

The aim of the research was to isolate and characterize hemaglutinin protein sub unit pili as a virulence factor of Salmonella typhi. The characterization was done in two steps. The first step was a hemaglutination test to find out the molecular weight of hemaglutinin protein sub unit pili. The second step was to analyze antibodies against protein hemaglutinin sub unit pili by Western blot method and the inhibitory activities of the antibodies on the adherent test. The test was carried out in two ways, by blocking the enterocytes with hemaglutinin protein and blocking pili of S. typhi with antibodies against hemaglutinin protein sub unit pili. The adherence test between S. typhi and rat intestinal enterocytes was done as a control. The molecular weight of hemaglutinin protein sub unit pili was 20 kDa. Antibodies against hemaglutinin protein sub unit pili 20 kDa showed a cross reaction with 38, 30, and 16 kDa sub unit pili. Both pretreatment of the enterocytes with hemaglutinin protein pili and pretreatment of the bacteria S. typhi with antibodies against hemaglutinin protein sub unit pili could inhibit the adherence of the S. typhi on rat intestinal enterocytes. It can be concluded that S. typhi hemaglutinin protein sub unit pili has the molecular weight of 20 kDa and plays an important role in the adherence mechanism of S. typhi on rat intestinal enterocyte. Keywords : S. typhihemaglutininpill, adherence

Optimization of Formula Granule of Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L) J.E.Smith) Rhizome Purified Extract as a Larvicide

Lempuyang gajah rhizome (Zingiber zerumbet (L) Smith is considered potential as larvicidal. A previous study has shown that the purified extract of Z. zerumbet rhizome was toxic against Adese aegypti larvae.  The aim of the study it to formulate a purified extract of Z. zerumbet (L) Smith in granule preparations by combining Sodium starch glycolate, PVP K-30 and tween 80.  The granule formulation was optimized by the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method with using Design expert program 7.1.5. The results showed that the interaction of the three components can increase the flow rate index, the angle of repose, and reduce absorption. The optimum formula obtained was Sodium starch glycolate 2%, PVP K-30 2%, and Tween 80 5%. The analysis of one sample t-test shows that there is no significant difference between the predicted parameter values and the experimental results of the flow rate index and angle of repose, while the absorption response is significantly different. The optimum formula for granules has larvicidal activity with 100% larval death during 12-hour treatment

SELEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK TERPURIFIKASI DAUN Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray TERHADAP SEL HELA

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray is a kind of plant and traditionally used to cure various diseases. The previous research found that T.diversifolia had antiproliferation effect on colon cancer cell (Col2). Sample preparation using biossay guided extraction and partition method, could simplify the active compounds of the extract. Research on the selectivity of purified extract from the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray) against HeLa cells hasn’t been known yet. The aim of this research was to find out the selectivity of purified extract of T.diversifolia’s leaves on HeLa cell compared to vero cell and to find out the Fifty Percent Inhibition Concentration (IC50), and its selectivity index. Extraction of T. diversifolia‘s leaves were done by maceration method using chloroform and methanol. Both of extract were tested by MTT cytotoxic assay on HeLa cells in vitro with serial doses (0,24 - 500μg/mL). Each group was replicated 3 times. The absorbance was read using ELISA at λ 540nm. IC50 was analyzed by probit regression on SPSS 15 for Windows. Partition (purified extract) of the active extract was done using Petroleum eter (PE), and tested by MTT cytotoxic assay on HeLa cells in vitro.  The IC50 methanol extract to HeLa cell in vitro is 1006,99μg/mL, IC50 chloroform extract is 16,61μg/mL.  The IC50 of soluble PE is 325,33μg/mL.  and IC50 of insoluble PE is 3,078μg/mL. The IC50 value of insoluble PE to Vero cell is 80,30 μg/mL. Selectivity index of purified extract (PE insoluble extract) is 26.09. Tanaman kembang bulan [Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray] merupakan salah satu tanaman yang digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional untuk berbagai penyakit. Penelitian sebelumnya menyebutkan bahwa kembang bulan memiliki efek antiproliferasi pada sel kanker kolon (Col2). Ekstraksi dan partisi termonitor dengan uji aktivitas merupakan metode untuk mengambil senyawa aktif yang terkandung dalam ekstrak. Penelitian tentang selektivitas ekstrak terpurifikasi dari ekstrak aktif daun Kembang bulan terhadap sel HeLa belum pernah diteliti sebelumnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui selektivitas ekstrak terpurifikasi daun Kembang Bulan pada sel HeLa dibandingkan dengan sel Vero dan menentukan nilai IC50 serta indeks selektivitasnya. Daun kembang bulan diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut Kloroform dan Metanol. Kedua ekstrak diuji efek sitotoksiknya pada sel Hela dengan beberapa konsentrasi (0,12 s/d 250μg/mL) menggunakan metode MTT (Mosmann, 1983). Pembacaan densitas optik dengan ELISA plate reader. Persentase kematian sel dihitung dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan regresi probit pada program SPSS 15 for Windows. Setelah diketahui nilai IC50 kedua ekstrak  tersebut, dipilih salah satu yang memiliki IC50 lebih kecil kemudian dipurifikasi dengan Petroleum Eter (PE) dan diuji kembali pada sel HeLa, sari yang aktif diuji juga selektivitasnya dengan sel Vero, kemudian dihitung nilai IC50 nya. Nilai IC50 ekstrak metanol sebesar 1006,99μg/mL, ekstrak Kloroform sebesar 16,61μg/mL. Nilai IC50 sari larut PE sebesar 325,331μg/mL dan IC50 sari tidak larut PE sebesar 3,078μg/mL dan nilai IC50 pada sel vero adalah 80,30μg/mL. Nilai indeks selektivitas ekstrak terpurifikasi (sari tidak larut PE) adalah 26.09.

Pemahaman Preskripsi Dokter (Formula Magistralis dan Spesialitis) untuk Anak oleh Dokter Muda Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: One of the teaching activities on medical pharmaceutical science includes imparting the knowledge of proper way of describing a certain kind of medicine. Objective: The objective of the study is to discover the extent of the students' success in understanding the taught material.Method: It is a cross-sectional study, adapting 140 medical students' as subyect and medical prescriptions for kid patients as obyect. The students' ability to understand medical prescriptions is descriptively analyzed. The drug elements analyzed include drug ingredients, method of dosage estimate, dosage form and regimen. The gold standard was the researcher understanding.Result: The result of the study into the medical students' analysis of the doctor's prescriptions indicates that the extent of accuracy achieved by the subyect, in the specifications of drug prescribed, is 56,05% for the description, 63,06% for dosage estimation method, 94,90% for dosage form, and 73,23% for dosage regimen. As to the patent drug, the subyect reported 91,75% for the description, 69,07% for dosage estimation method, 89,90% for dosage form and 67,01% for dosage regimen.Conclusion: As the study has revealed, the subyect well understood the elements of the formula of the specification of the drug prescribed. However, they did poorly in the method of drug description and the drug dosage estimate for kid patients. Concerning the patent drug, the medical students' competence in the understanding of the elements of the formula was satisfactory except for the drug dosage estimation. Keywords: doctor's prescription, medical studen

Pemahaman Preskripsi Dokter (Formula Magistralis Dan Spesialitis) Untuk Anak Oleh Dokter Muda Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: One of the teaching activities on medical pharmaceutical science includes imparting the knowledge of proper way of describing a certain kind of medicine. Objective: The objective of the study is to discover the extent of the students\u27 success in understanding the taught material. Method: It is a cross-sectional study, adapting 140 medical students\u27 as subyect and medical prescriptions for kid patients as obyect. The students\u27 ability to understand medical prescriptions is descriptively analyzed. The drug elements analyzed include drug ingredients, method of dosage estimate, dosage form and regimen. The gold standard was the researcher understanding. Result: The result of the study into the medical students\u27 analysis of the doctor\u27s prescriptions indicates that the extent of accuracy achieved by the subyect, in the specifications of drug prescribed, is 56,05% for the description, 63,06% for dosage estimation method, 94,90% for dosage form, and 73,23% for dosage regimen. As to the patent drug, the subyect reported 91,75% for the description, 69,07% for dosage estimation method, 89,90% for dosage form and 67,01% for dosage regimen. Conclusion: As the study has revealed, the subyect well understood the elements of the formula of the specification of the drug prescribed. However, they did poorly in the method of drug description and the drug dosage estimate for kid patients. Concerning the patent drug, the medical students\u27 competence in the understanding of the elements of the formula was satisfactory except for the drug dosage estimation. Keywords: doctor\u27s prescription, medical studen

PENGGUNAAN EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana) SEBAGAI LARVISIDA TERHADAP LARVA NYAMUK Culex quinquefasciatus

Background. Lymphatic Filariasis is disease caused by parasite whereas 120 million people who live in tropic and subtropic area already infected. Its transmission is via mosquito bite so controlling mosquito using synthetic insecticide becoming usual. However, using synthetic insecticide extensively causes enviranmental pollution and resistency. Therefore, it is important to find alternative larvicide which is safe and natural. In daily routine, mangosteen pericarp is rarely use while it contain alpha mangostin which can be used as larvicide. Objectives. To explore effect of Garcinia mangostana pericarp with ethanol extract as larvicide against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Methode. This research uses simple experimental research design. Instar III-IV larvae divided into 7 treatment group and 1 control group with each group consist of 10 larvae with three times replication, in 10 ml solution. Larvae mortality counted after 24 hours and the data analyzed using probit analysis and ONE WAY ANOVA. Results. The LC50 dan LC90 values were 3.147,99 ppm and 9.983,82ppm dosage of the extract. Conclusion. Ethanol extraction of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp has larvicide effect against instar III-IV Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito and increasing its concentration result in increased larvae mortality but ineffective

UJI EFEKTIFITAS LARVISIDA INFUSA KULIT BUAH MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L) TERHADAP LARVA NYAMUK Culex quinquefasciatus

Background. Elephantiasis has become epidemic in tropical countries. This disease transmitted through mosquito bite, mainly by Culex quinquefasciatus. Mangosteen skin is expected to have larvicidal effect such as alpha-mangostin. Objective. To determine the potent larvicidal activity (LC50 and LC90) of Garcinia mangostana L infusio