La moltiplicazione del melo con la tecnica della micropropagazione. Variazione del pH in substrati diversi durante la fase di moltiplicazione

10 páginas, 2 figuras, 5 tablas, 9 referencias.-- Esta revista es continuación de Rivista della Societa Toscana di Orticoltura y continuada por Advances in horticultural science.I numerosi studi condotti in questi ultimi 20 anni sulla applicazione della coltura in vitro a diverse specie coltivate, hanno focalizzato principalmente la messa a punto dei terreni nutritivi, il ruolo dei fitoregolatori nelle diverse fasi di crescita ed il controllo ormonale sulla morfogenesi. Quasi del tutto trascurata, come appare dai lavori riportati in bibliografia, sono state invece le indagini su altri fattori che probabilmente esercitano un ruolo di primo piano sulla crescita e sui processi morfogenetici che avvengono in vitro.Peer reviewe

Amber in prehistoric Iberia: New data and a review.

Provenancing exotic raw materials and reconstructing the nature and routes of exchange is a major concern of prehistoric archaeology. Amber has long been recognised as a key commodity of prehistoric exchange networks in Europe. However, most science-based studies so far have been localised and based on few samples, hence making it difficult to observe broad geographic and chronological trends. This paper concentrates on the nature, distribution and circulation of amber in prehistoric Iberia. We present new standardised FTIR analyses of 22 archaeological and geological samples from a large number of contexts across Iberia, as well as a wide scale review of all the legacy data available. On the basis of a considerable body of data, we can confirm the use of local amber resources in the Northern area of the Iberian Peninsula from the Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age; we push back the arrival of Sicilian amber to at least the 4th Millennium BC, and we trace the appearance of Baltic amber since the last quarter of the 2nd Millennium BC, progressively replacing Sicilian simetite. Integrating these data with other bodies of archaeological information, we suggest that the arrival of Baltic amber was part of broader Mediterranean exchange networks, and not necessarily the result of direct trade with the North. From a methodological perspective, thanks to the analyses carried out on both the vitreous core and the weathered surfaces of objects made of Sicilian simetite, we define the characteristic FTIR bands that allow the identification of Sicilian amber even in highly deteriorated archaeological samples

Iridium to provenance ancient silver

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Trace levels of iridium in ancient silver artefacts can provide information on the sources of silver-bearing ores as well as the technologies used to extract silver. A geographically and chronologically disparate legacy dataset, comprised of Near Eastern objects from the Sasanian and Byzantine Empires (1st Millennium AD) and coins circulating around the Mediterranean in the mid-1st Millennium BC, shows that Ag-Au-Ir log-ratio plots can help identify silver derived from the same mining areas, as well as broadly differentiating between the ore types exploited. Combining trace element and lead isotope analyses through the Pb crustal age of the ore, further delimits interpretations on the compositions and locations of silver ore sources. Furthermore, it is shown that silver artefacts of Near Eastern origin have exceptionally high iridium levels, suggesting a unique silver-bearing ore source, potentially in the Taurus mountain range of southern Anatolia. The wide range of crustal ages identified for ancient Greek coins and Near Eastern objects suggest that the addition of exogenous lead as a silver collector during smelting was common practice in the Near East as early as 475BCE. The practice of mixing silver from different sources has also been identified by triangulating the log-ratio subcomposition plots, Pb crustal ages of the ore from which the silver derived and absolute values of trace levels of gold and iridium in silver artefacts

New objects in old structures: The Iron Age hoard of the Palacio III megalithic funerary complex (Almadén de la Plata, Seville, Spain)

Cultural contact, exchange and interaction feature high in the list of challenging topics of current research on European Prehistory. Not far off is the issue of the changing role of monuments in the making and maintaining of key cultural devices such as memory and identity. Addressing both these highly-debated issues from a science-based perspective, in this paper we look at an unusual case study set in southern Iberia and illustrate how these archaeological questions can benefit from robust materials-science approaches.We present the contextual, morphological and analytical study of an exceptional Early Iron Age hoard composed of a number of different (and mostly exotic) materials such as amber, quartz, silver and ceramic. This hoard, found under the fallen orthostat of a megalithic structure built at least 2000 years earlier, throws new light on long-distance exchange networks and the effect they could have had on the cultural identities and social relations of local Iberian Early Iron Age communities. Moreover, the archaeometric study reveals how diverse and distant the sources of these item are (Northern Europe to Eastern and Western Mediterranean raw materials, as well as local and eastern technologies), therefore raising questions concerning the social mechanisms used to establish change and resistance in contexts of colonial encounter

The earliest Baltic amber in Western Europe

This study has been supported by the R&D Project 'Metal y Ámbar II: Circulación de bronce y ámbar en el Sureste peninsular durante la Edad del Bronce' (PID2019-108289GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the R&D Project ‘Social and Exchange Networks in the Argaric Society’ (PID2022-137494NB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. The contribution of M.M.T. was supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 101021480, Project REVERSEACTION). We want to thank D. Pérez L’Huiller for editing Fig. , and M. Vilar Welter for editing Fig. . We are also grateful to J.F. Gibaja Bao, M.E. Subirà and M. Fontanals-Colls, who kindly shared the AMS radiocarbon dates funded by their respective projects. Date CF-X30-C4-134 was obtained in the framework of the R&D Project ‘Aproximación a las primeras comunidades neolíticas del NE peninsular a través de sus prácticas funerarias’ (HAR2011-23149) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, IP: J. Gibaja and M.E. Subirà. Date CF-S19-C4R-56 was obtained in the framework of the R&D Project ‘NEOMEDIS: Neolithic Mediterranean diet through stable Isotope analysis’, funded in the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship (ID: 792130), IP: M. Fontanals.The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-023-41293-0The occurrence of Baltic amber through Europe has traditionally been associated to the spread of the Bell Beaker culture during the 3rd millennium BC. In Iberia, this phenomenon is particularly noticeable in the southern half. Here we present an amber bead recovered in a Late Neolithic funerary cave (3634–3363 cal BC) from northeastern Iberia where more than 12 individuals had been buried. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results of four samples revealed their complete resemblance with Baltic succinite reference spectra. Despite being a single bead, this finding provides the earliest evidence for the arrival of Baltic amber to the Mediterranean and Western Europe, before the Bell Beaker phenomenon and more than a millennium earlier than traditionally thought. This finding has implications for our understanding of early exchange networks of exotic materials, and their associated social structures.Social and Exchange Networks in the Argaric Society PID2022-137494NB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 101021480, 792130, HAR2011-23149 H2020European Research Council ERCMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación MICIN

Producción y distribución de plata en la sociedad argárica y en los primeros asentamientos orientalizantes. Una aproximación desde el análisis de los isótopos de plomo

Dado el papel que pudo jugar la plata en los procesos de estratificación social tanto en la sociedad argárica del Sureste como en las sociedades del Bronce Final/Hierro I, especialmente del Suroeste de la Península Ibérica, en este artículo tratamos de aproximarnos a la organización de la producción de plata en ambas sociedades mediante el estudio de los isótopos de plomo. Se presenta una primera aproximación a los análisis isotópicos realizados sobre objetos de plata argáricos y orientalizantes, así como una revisión de los análisis publicados (Hunt Ortiz, 2003; Stos Gale 2001; Kassianidou, 1992) sobre los restos de producción de plata a la luz de los nuevos datos disponibles. Se evidencia la llegada de plomo exógeno, necesario para la extracción de la plata de los minerales complejos del Suroeste, desde otras zonas de la Península Ibérica como Gádor o Cartagena/Mazarrón, con las implicaciones socio-económicas que pudiera tener el control no tanto de los recursos argentíferos del Suroeste, como de la distribución del plomo del Sureste

Dependencia vs. competencia o emulación. Sobre la naturaleza de las relaciones del mundo argárico y su entorno. Comentario a Peres y Risch

En el artículo, los autores tratan de abordar las dinámicas poblacionales del cuadrante centro-oriental de la península ibérica entre 2200-1550 a. n. e., donde observan un patrón de dispersión y enrocamiento de la población. Para el estudio, se parte de una extensa base de datos en la que se recogen evidencias arqueológicas de 1.445 yacimientos, de los que “solamente el 8 % presenta ocupaciones anteriores a ca. 2300/2200 a. n. e.” y “la superficie del 83 % de los sitios es inferior a 0.3 ha”, lo cual supone un aparente sólido punto de partidaPeer reviewe

The origins of metallurgy and the social value of metals

[EN] The origins of metallurgy is probably one of the most significant technological innovations and one of the most debated questions of Prehistory in Eurasia. Broadly speaking there are two elements which have brought about the interest of this topic. On the one hand the debate on multiple origins against diffusionist perspectives that posit a unique place of invention, and on the other hand the role played by metallurgy as a technological innovation in social development and more specifically in the process of social stratification leading to the formation of early states.[ES] El origen de la metalurgia es probablemente una de las innovaciones tecnológicas más significativas y más debatidas de la Prehistoria en Eurasia. A grandes rasgos son dos los elementos que han determinado el interés de este tema. Por un lado el debate sobre la posibilidad de un origen múltiple frente a perspectivas difusionistas que postulan un único lugar de invención, y por otro el papel jugado por la metalurgia como innovación tecnológica en el desarrollo social y más concretamente en el proceso de la estratificación social que desemboca en la formación de los primeros estados