¿Sufren las mujeres inmigrantes una doble penalización salarial? Evidencia para España

El artículo examina los salarios relativos de las mujeres inmigrantes en España mediante la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial a través de una doble comparación con los hombres inmigrantes y las mujeres nativas. El análisis empírico muestra que las mujeres inmigrantes presentan desventajas salariales significativas frente a ambos colectivos. Los resultados de los ejercicios de descomposición de estas diferencias salariales permiten constatar que mientras que una parte importante de la desventaja salarial frente a los varones inmigrantes no resulta explicada por las diferencias en dotaciones de características productivas, por el contrario, la brecha salarial frente a las mujeres nativas es explicada en buena medida por este elemento. En consecuencia, la evidencia obtenida para España no concuerda plenamente con la hipótesis de la existencia de una doble penalización salarial para las mujeres inmigrantes.This study examines immigrant women relative wages in Spain as compared to those earned by immigrant men and native women on the basis of microdata from the Encuesta de Estructura Salarial. The results show that foreign-born women wages are significantly lower than those corresponding to both groups. It is also found that the wage gap compared to native women is explained largely by native women’s better endowments of productive characteristics whereas, on the contrary, a significant part of the wage disadvantage relative to male immigrants is not explained by this element. As a consequence, empirical evidence for the case of Spain does not seem to fully support the hypothesis of a double wage penalty for immigrant women.Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de la financiación del proyecto de investigación CSO2011-29943-C03-02 del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte

La Gran Recesión y el diferencial salarial por género en España

El artículo examina la evolución de las diferencias salariales entre hombres y mujeres en España entre los años 2002 y 2010. La evidencia obtenida sugiere que el notable empeoramiento de la coyuntura económica tras el inicio de la Gran Recesión ha tenido dos impactos reseñables sobre el diferencial salarial por razón de género. El primero es que se ha revertido la tendencia hacia la reducción de la brecha salarial por género que se venía produciendo en la economía española con anterioridad, durante la expansión económica. El segundo es que se ha generado un perfil creciente de la brecha salarial a lo largo de la distribución de salarios coincidente con el fenómeno de techo de cristal observado para otros países, pero no en períodos previos para España.This article examines the evolution of the gender wage gap in Spain between 2002 and 2010. The evidence suggests that the significant worsening of the economic situation after the onset of the Great Recession has had two significant impacts on the gap. The first is that it has reversed the trend towards the reduction of the gender pay gap in the Spanish economy during the previous economic expansion. The second is that it has generated a growing profile of the wage gap across the wage distribution which is consistent with the glass ceiling phenomenon observed for other advanced countries, but not in previous periods for Spain.Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de la financiación del proyecto de investigación CSO2011-29943-C03-02 del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte

Revisiting interregional wage differentials: New evidence from Spain with matched employer‐employee data

This article examines wage differences across Spain's NUTS‐2 regions along the entire wage distribution based on matched employer‐employee microdata from 2006 to 2014. Unlike previous related studies, we properly control for differences in regional purchasing power parities, which are very large in practice. Although part of the raw regional wage differences observed is explained by differences between regions in productive structures, and, to a much lesser extent, in labor forces, noteworthy, very similar throughout the wage distribution regional differences net of composition effects arise even after controlling for a broad set of individual and firm characteristics.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Agencia Estatal de Investigación), the European Union (ERDF), and the Junta de Extremadura (grant numbers CSO2017‐86474‐R, ECO2014‐53702‐P, and ECO2016‐75805‐R, National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation, Spain, and GR18106)

Education, age and skills: an analysis using the PIAAC survey [WP]

The main aim of this paper is to analyse the evolution of adult skills, as captured by cognitive competencies assessed in the PIAAC, across age cohorts, explicitly taking into account that the quality of schooling might change from one cohort to another. We estimate a model that relates numeracy and literacy competencies to age, schooling, gender and variables related to both family background and labour market performance. The specification allows us to control for changes in the efficiency of the transformation of schooling into competencies when drawing age-skill profiles. Our results show that the effect of ageing on skills, once isolated from cohort effects related to schooling, decreases monotonically across consecutive cohorts. The evolution of the efficiency of the transformation of schooling into both numeracy and literacy skills shows a remarkably similar pattern. Nonetheless, this evolution differs substantially between education levels, with the efficiency of the transformation of schooling into skills showing a steadier profile for intermediate than it does for higher education. Finally, empirical evidence is provided for the decomposition of the differences in the skill levels of the older vs. the prime age generations. The results suggest that the progressive expansion of schooling across younger generations partially offsets the negative effect of the irrepressible ageing of society on skills

Education, age and skills: An analysis using PIAAC data

The main aim of this article is to analyse the change of adult skills, as captured by cognitive skills assessed in PIAAC, across age cohorts, taking into account that the quality of schooling may change from one cohort to another. We estimate a model that relates numeracy and literacy skills to age, schooling, gender and variables related to both family background and labour market performance. The specification allows us to control for changes in the efficiency of the transformation of schooling into skills when drawing age‐skill profiles. Our results show that the effect of ageing on skills, once isolated from cohort effects related to schooling, decreases monotonically across consecutive cohorts. The change of the efficiency of the transformation of schooling into both numeracy and literacy skills shows a remarkably similar pattern. Nonetheless, this change differs substantially between education levels, with the efficiency of the transformation of schooling into skills showing a steadier profile for intermediate than for higher education. Finally, empirical evidence is provided for the decomposition of the differences in the skill levels of the older vs. the prime age generations. The results suggest that the progressive expansion of schooling across younger generations partially offsets the negative effect of the irrepressible ageing of society on skills.safety

Gender wage differentials and educational mismatch: an application to the Spanish case

This article aims to analyse gender wage differentials in Spain by taking into account the levels of educational attainment and by studying whether the educa-tional mismatch affects the gender wage gap. Focusing on returns to education, evidence is found on the existence of educational mismatch and on its contribu-tion to determine wages, with women suffering greater wage penalties that are associated with educational mismatch. Furthermore, although the gender wage gap is lower for individuals with low educational levels, we find that the part of this gap due to differences in returns is greater in this group. On the contrary, the gender gap is greater among highly-educated workers, but in this case most of the wage differentials are due to differences in productive characteristics. In any case, our results suggest that gender wage discrimination tends to be greater for those workers who show educational mismatch.Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Fundamental Research Projects ECO2009-13864-C03-01 and ECO2009-13864-C03-02

Regional differences in the gender wage gap in Spain

This study examines regional differences in the gender wage gap in Spain using matched employer-employee microdata, two different econometric decomposition methods and panel data techniques. Our findings suggest that Spain shows a significant regional heterogeneity in the size of the raw gap, roughly comparable to cross-country differences observed in the European context. The results from the decomposition analysis show that although the bulk of the gender wage gap in Spanish regions is due to differences in the endowments of productive characteristics between males and females there is still a substantial part of the gap that remains unexplained. The analysis of the causes behind the variation of both, the raw and the unexplained gender wage gap by region highlights that several economic, institutional and demographic elements identified in previous studies analysing international differences in the gender wage gap are also relevant to explain regional differences in the gender wage gap in Spain

Efficiency in the transformation of schooling into competences: a cross-country analysis using PIAAC data [WP]

This study (i) compares the competence levels of the adult population in a set of OECD countries; (ii) assesses the comparative efficiency with which the education system in each country transforms schooling into competences, distinguishing by educational level, and (iii) tracks the evolution of this efficiency by birth cohorts. Using PIAAC data, the paper applies standard parametric frontier techniques under two alternative specifications. The results obtained under both specifications are similar and identify Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Japan as being the most efficient and Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Ireland and Poland as the least efficient. The evolution of the efficiency levels by age cohorts shows that higher education is more efficient for younger cohorts, while lower and upper secondary education present a stable trend over cohorts