PlasmoID: A dataset for Indonesian malaria parasite detection and segmentation in thin blood smear

Indonesia holds the second-highest-ranking country for the highest number of malaria cases in Southeast Asia. A different malaria parasite semantic segmentation technique based on a deep learning approach is an alternative to reduce the limitations of traditional methods. However, the main problem of the semantic segmentation technique is raised since large parasites are dominant, and the tiny parasites are suppressed. In addition, the amount and variance of data are important influences in establishing their models. In this study, we conduct two contributions. First, we collect 559 microscopic images containing 691 malaria parasites of thin blood smears. The dataset is named PlasmoID, and most data comes from rural Indonesia. PlasmoID also provides ground truth for parasite detection and segmentation purposes. Second, this study proposes a malaria parasite segmentation and detection scheme by combining Faster RCNN and a semantic segmentation technique. The proposed scheme has been evaluated on the PlasmoID dataset. It has been compared with recent studies of semantic segmentation techniques, namely UNet, ResFCN-18, DeepLabV3, DeepLabV3plus and ResUNet-18. The result shows that our proposed scheme can improve the segmentation and detection of malaria parasite performance compared to original semantic segmentation techniques

Head Lice Infestation and Its Relationship with Hygiene and Knowledge among Urban School Children in Yogyakarta

Introduction: Pediculosis capitis is a common infestation in school children and is a worldwide public health concern. Despite this worldwide spread, incidence studies remain few. There is also a misconceptionthat head lice infestation is rarely found in the urban environment.Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the proportion of head lice infestation among urban school children in Yogyakarta and study its relationship with hygiene and knowledge.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted upon 2 schools in Yogyakarta on 154 pupils. Children range from ages 9 to 13 years. Data was collected from the schools by trained persons. A detailed questionnaire was fi lled for each pupil prior to hair examination.Results: In this research, we report the proportion of head lice infestation among urban school children in Yogyakarta and assess its risk factors. Nineteen pupils (12.3%) were infected with head lice, 5 boys(6.3%) and 14 girls (18.7%). There was a signifi cant relationship between head lice infestation and sex (P<0.05). However, no signifi cant relationship was found between head lice infestation with hygiene andknowledgeConclusion: The results show a total proportion of 12.3% among urban school children in Yogyakarta.Keywords: pediculosis capitis, urban, hygiene, knowledge, school children

Classification of plasmodium falciparum based on textural and morphological features

Malaria is a disease caused by plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of female anopheles-mosquito that infect the human red blood cell (RBC). The standard malaria diagnosis is based on manual examination of a thick and thin blood smear, which heavily depends on the microscopist experience. This study proposed a system that can identify the life stages of plasmodium falciparum in human RBC. The image preprocessing process was done by illumination correction using gray world assumption, contrast enhancement using shadow correction, extraction of saturation component, and noise filtering. The segmentation process was applied using Otsuthresholding and morphological operation. The test results showed that the use of artificial neural network (ANN) using a combination of texture and morphological features gives better results when compared to the use of only texture or morphology features. The results showed that the proposed feature achieved an accuracy of 82.67%, a sensitivity of 82.18%, and a specificity of 94.17%, thus improving decision-making for malaria diagnosis

Evaluation of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) to uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia

Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) to treat uncomplicated Plasmodiumfalciparum malaria has been applied in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia, since2004. However evaluation of the two ACT regimens used ie: Artesunate Amodiaquine(AAQ) and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine (DHP) co-administered with Primaquine (PQ)has not been performed. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and side effects ofAAQ+PQ and DHP+PQ treatment in uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Purworejo. Inthis descriptive and observational study, 46 Pf infected patients who fullfill the inclusionand exclusion criterias were recruited from December 2010 to August 2011. StandardACT treatment were given to the patients followed by WHO drug efficacy evaluation for28 days. The clinical symptoms and adverse events was also evaluated over the course ofthe treatment. From all recruited subjects, 37 patients received DHP+PQ and 9 patientsreceived AAQ+PQ. On the DHP+PQ treated patient, all subjects were free of asexualand sexual parasites by Day-3 while on AAQ+PQ treated patient, this parasite clearancewas achieved faster as early as on D-2 at the latest. On the otherhand, the disappearanceof fever was also last longer in DHP+PQ treated patient which in one patient last onD-14, while in AAQ+PQ treated patient, the symptom of fever dissappeared by D-2at the latest. No Early or Late Treatment Failures were found on either DHP+PQ orAAQ+PQ treatment as well as clinical and parasitological failures. However, the presenceof adverse events cause by both drugs should not be ignored to ensure drug compliance

Analysis of serological data to investigate heterogeneity of malaria transmission: a community-based cross-sectional study in an area conducting elimination in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of anti-malarial antibody responses has the potential to improve characterization of the variation in exposure to infection in low transmission settings, where conventional measures, such as entomological estimates and parasitaemia point prevalence become less sensitive and expensive to measure. This study evaluates the use of sero-epidemiological analysis to investigate heterogeneity of transmission in area conducting elimination in Indonesia. METHODS: Filter paper bloodspots and epidemiological data were collected through a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in two sub-districts in Sabang municipality, Aceh province, Indonesia in 2013. Antibody responses to merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-119) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax were measured using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seroconversion rates (SCR) were estimated by fitting a simple reversible catalytic model to seroprevalence data for each antibody. Spatial analysis was performed using a Normal model (SaTScan v.9.4.2) to identify the clustering of higher values of household antibody responses. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with exposure. RESULTS: 1624 samples were collected from 605 households. Seroprevalence to any P. falciparum antigen was higher than to any P. vivax antigen, 6.9% (95% CI 5.8-8.2) vs 2.0% (95% CI 1.4-2.8). SCR estimates suggest that there was a significant change in P. falciparum transmission with no exposure seen in children under 5 years old. Plasmodium falciparum SCR in over 5 years old was 0.008 (95% CI 0.003-0.017) and 0.012 (95% CI 0.005-0.030) in Sukakarya and Sukajaya sub-districts, respectively. Clusters of exposure were detected for both P. falciparum and P. vivax, most of them in Sukajaya sub-district. Higher age, P. vivax seropositivity and use of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net (LLIN) were associated with higher P. falciparum exposure. CONCLUSION: Analysis of community-based serological data helps describe the level of transmission, heterogeneity and factors associated with malaria transmission in Sabang. This approach could be an important additional tool for malaria monitoring and surveillance in low transmission settings in Indonesia

Keragaman Genetik dari Msp 1, Msp 2, dan Glurp pada Plasmodium Falciparum di Kabupaten Sumba Tengah, Nusa Tenggara Timur

AbstractMalaria is still a public health problem in Central Sumba regency, East Nusa Tenggara. Over the past decade, anti malaria drugs resistance has rapidly become a major public health problem in the East Nusa Tenggara, including Central Sumba regency. The problem of malaria control are not only influenced by the anti malaria drugs resistance on P. faciparum and specific genes but also by many variations of allele of Plasmodium malaria. A study is needed especially on molecular epidemiology of P. falciparum using locus gene Merozoites Surface Protein 1 (MSP 1) , Merozoites Surface Protein (MSP2) and Glutamate Rich Protein (GLURP), which aims to identify the genetic diversity marker of Plasmodium falciparum in Central Sumba Regency. The method applied was a nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to each locus gen separately. The results of the 50 fresh blood of patients infected with P. falciparum, each gene locus of MSP 1, MSP 2 and GLURP can be identified as muchas 38%, 12% and 10%. The third gene locus was found only in 38 % (19/50) positive samples. It can be identified 7 alleles at each locus genes, three classes’MSP1 allele (15.8 %), four classes of MSP alleles (21.1%) and three classes of GLURP alleles (15.8 %). A multigenotype infection of P. falciparum and MSP 2 deleted was diverse marker of P. falciparum gene locus with varied class of alleles. It can be concluded that multigenotype infections have occurred in research location.Keywords : allel, P. falciparum, MSP 1, MSP 2, GLUP, diversity.AbstrakMalaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Kabupaten Sumba Tengah, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Selama beberapa dekade terakhir resistensi obat telah dengan cepat menjadi masalah utama malaria di wilayah NTT termasuk Kabupaten Sumba Tengah. Masalah pengendalian malaria diduga tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh resistensi obat anti malaria (OAM) dan gen tertentu pada P. faciparum tetapi juga oleh banyaknya variasi alel Plasmodium. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan penelitian epidemiologi molekuler pada P. falciparum dengan menggunakan lokus gen Merozoit Surface Protein 1, 2 (MSP1 - MSP2) dan Glutamate Rich Protein (GLURP), yang bertujuan mengidentifikasi keragaman genetik penyandi Plasmodium falciparum di Kabupaten Sumba Tengah. Metode pemeriksaan yangdigunakan adalah nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) terhadap masing-masing lokus gen secara terpisah. Dari 50 darah segar penderita terinfeksi P. falciparum, masing-masing lokus gen MSP 1, MSP 2 dan GLURP yang dapat diidentifikasi sebanyak 38%,12% dan 10%. Ketiga lokus gen hanya ditemukan pada 38 % (19/50) sampel positif. Teridentifikasi 7 alel pada masing-masing lokus gen yaitu pada MSP 1 ditemukan 3 kelas alel (15,8%), MSP 2 ditemukan 4 kelas alel (21,1%) dan GLURP ditemukan 3 kelas alel (15,8%). Infeksi multigenotip yang ditemukan pada penderita infeksi P. falciparum dan MSP 2 adalah lokus gen penyandi P. falciparum yang beragam kelas alel. Kesimpulan telah terjadi infeksi multigenotip di lokasi penelitian.Kata kunci : allel, P. falciparum, MSP 1, MSP 2, GLURP, keragama

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Ketepatan Diagnosis Malaria di Puskesmas Kabupaten Belu Nusa Tenggara Timur

Pengobatan malaria di Kabupaten Belu Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur berdasarkan pada diagnosisklinis dan mikroskopis. Angka kesalahan diagnosis mikroskopis malaria dilaporkan masih tinggi, di atasnilai toleransi kesalahan diagnosis menurut Kementerian Kesehatan &gt;5%. Tujuan penelitian ini untukmengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab kesalahan diagnosis malaria di Puskesmas. Rancangan penelitianini adalah explorasi dan observasional secara potong lintang terhadap 16 mikroskopis sampel dalammendiagnosis mikroskopis malaria. Penelitian dilakukan di 10 puskesmas Kabupaten Belu dari bulanApril hingga Juni 2012. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan faktor yang mempengaruhi kesalahan diagnosisadalah kelengkapan mempersiapkan alat dan bahan sebelum pengambilan darah (p &lt; 0,029), tidakmelakukan sediaan darah tipis (p &lt; 0,07), menggunakan Kaca Sediaan (KS) bekas/slide bekas (p &lt;0,08) hasil pewarnaan Sediaan Darah (SD) tidak baik (p &lt; 0,02), kurang pengalaman kerja (p &lt; 0,029)dan kurang pelatihan (p &lt;0,08). Penilaian terhadap mikroskopis dilakukan oleh expert microscopistyang tersertifiasi dan ditemukan responden memiliki nilai Kappa jelek (0,00-0,20) sebanyak 35,2%