The Red Fruit (Pandanus Conoideus Lam) Ethanol Extract Decreased the Nitric Oxide (NO) Levels of Plasmodium Berghei Infected Swiss Mice Malaria Model but not the Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ)

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The immunity against malaria infection was very complex, involving humoral immunity and cellular immunity.  One of the methods to improve body immune response was using antioxidant. Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) containing carotenoid and tocopherol that have antioxidants effects increase phagocytosis activity of macrophage and proliferation activity of lymphocyte as immune response againts parasite infection.Objectives: This study was intended to know the effect of red fruit (P. conoideus Lam) ethanol extract on IFN-γ and nitric oxide (NO) levels in Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss mice malaria model.Methods: This quasi experimental study used post test only control group design. Sixty eight-week aged male Swiss mice were devided into 6 groups. Group I was not given red fruit ethanol extracts neither infected by P.berghei, group II was given 260mg/kg/day of red fruit ethanol extracts, and it was not infected by P.berghei, groups III, IV and V were given red fruit ethanol extracts at 130, 260 and 520mg/kg/day respectively and infected by P.berghei. Group VI was not given the extract, however it was infected by P.berghei as control group. The red fruit ethanol extracts or the carrier was given for 28 days and the mice were infected by P.berghei in the beginning of week 3. On the day 3 and 9 after infection, 2 mL blood was taken from 3 mice of each group for serum isolation.Results: There was not any significant difference (p>0.05) mean of IFN-γ levels in all groups neither on day 3 nor day 9 after infection. The nitric oxide levels mean of mice group which have received red fruit extracts at 130 and 260mg/kg/day on the day 9 and  in mice group which have received red fruit extracts 260mg/kg/day on day 3 were lower than they were in control group without any extract (group VI). However, the nitric oxide levels mean of mice group which have received 520mg/kg/day did not show any significant difference (p>0.05) compared with control group.Conclusion: The red fruit (P. conoideus Lam) ethanol extract did not show any significant effect on the IFN-γ levels, however at doses of 130 and 260mg/kg/day it decreased the nitric oxide level of P. berghei infected Swiss mice malaria model significantly. Keywords: Pandanus conoideus Lam, Interferon gamma (INF-γ), Nitric oxide (NO),  Plasmodium berghei, and Malaria ModelKeywordsPandanus conoideus Lam, Interferon gamma (INF-γ), Nitric oxide (NO), Plasmodium berghei, and Malaria Mode

The Importance of Community Coalition to Prevent Dengue Fever: An Ethnographic Study in Sidoluhur Village, Sleman District, Yogyakarta Special Region

Intrduction: Dengue fever is an emerging pandemic-prone viral disease in many parts of the world also in Indonesia. Java Island contributed about 71% of all cases occurring in the country. Sleman District represented nearly 30% of total infections in Yogyakarta Province. Godean sub-district contributes 89 cases in 2013 and most of them were come from Sidoluhur village. Instead of community activities Dengue cases are increasing every year. Vector control is one way to control it. This research was tried to explore how community coalition can prevent Dengue fever cases and how Dengue vector can be controlled by engaging community. Methods: This research was used ethnographic study. For collecting data in-depth interview and participatory observation was conduct. Collecting data and analysis data was done simultaneously.Results: Community in Sidoluhur village aware that Dengue fever is a serious health problem. With local knowledge, believes, customs, practice and attitudes community people are most influenced group. After getting fever people try to apply their own knowledge for prevention. Most of them do not know the reason of Dengue spread, how it breed, where it breed also how to control. Practices of Dengue prevention like Friday cleaning movement, mosquito eradication flick and child health task force are good programs but absent of continuity so Dengue cases are increasing. Cultural and medical health seeking behaviors were seen among the people. For building coalition capacity sharing information is also immobile.Conclusion: Dengue fever is still remaining a strong factor that influences public health care in Sidoluhur village. To control Dengue fever capacity building, policy implementation based on community, networking among stakeholders, blending the cultural and medical knowledge of Dengue and overall comprehensive Dengue control approaches need to be developed. Keywords:  Dengue fever, community coalitions, social capital, working group.ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Demam Dengue adalah penyakit viral yang berpotensi menimbulkan pandemik di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia. Pulau Jawa menyumbang sekitar 70% dari seluruh kasus di Indonesia. Kabupaten Sleman menyumbang hampir 30% total infeksi di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Kecamatan Godean menyumbang 89 kasus di tahun 2013 yang sebagian besar berasal dari desa Sidoluhur. Meskipun berbagai kegiatan pencegahan sudah dilakukan oleh masyarakat, kasus demam Dengue terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Pengendalian vektor nyamuk merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang dilakukan untuk mencegah demam Dengue. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana koalisi masyarakat di desa Sidoluhur dapat mencegah kasus demam Dengue dan bagaimana vektor Dengue dapat dikendalikan dengan melibatkan masyarakat.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan Studi Etnografi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam (in-depth interview) dan pengamatan partisipatif. Data dianalisis dan disajikan secara deskriptif.Hasil: Masyarakat desa Sidoluhur menyadari kalau Demam Dengue merupakan masalah kesehatan yang serius. Tetapi, dengan pengetahuan lokal, kepercayaan, kebiasaan, praktik dan sikap yang dimiliki, masyarakat awam meruapakan kelompok yang rentan untuk terjangkit demam Dengue. Apabila terkena serangan demam, masyarakat akan mecoba menerapkan pengetahuan yang dimiliki untuk mengobati demam dan mencegah perkembangan penyakit.  Sebagian besar masyarakat tidak tahu bagaimana cara penyebaran Dengue, bagaimana dan di mana nyamuk berkembang biak dan bagaimana cara mengendalikan perkembangbiakan nyamuk tersebut. Praktik-praktik pencegahan demam Dengue seperti Gerakan Jumat Sehat, Pemberantasan Jentik Nyamuk dan satuan Tugas Kader Kesehatan Cilik merupakan program yang bagus tetapi tidak dilaksanakan secara kontinu sehingga kasus demam Dengue terus meningkat.  Budaya dan kesadaran masyarakat untuk mencari pertolongan medis sudah cukup baik.  Pengembangan kapasitas koalisi masyarakat perlu ditingkatkan karena kurangnya sharing informasi dalam masyarakat.Simpulan: Demam Dengue merupakan faktor kuat dalam menentukan pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat di desa Sidoluhur. Untuk mengendalikan kasus demam Dengue, pembangunan kapasitas, implementasi kebijakan berdasarkan kondisi masyarakat, kerjasama antar stakeholder, menyelaraskan budaya dan pengetahuan medis tentang Dengue dan pengendalian Dengue dengan pendekatan komprehensif perlu untuk dikembangkan.Kata kunci:  demam Dengue, koalisi masyarakat, modal sosial, kelompok kerja

Factors Associated with Tuberculosis Treatment Success Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Tuberkulosis (HIV-TB) in H. Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan

Introduction: Co-infection of TB/HIV is currently a serious health threat to the world population. Efforts to control tuberculosis and HIV programs still facing obstacles, especially if the two diseases allied, it will be more difficult and challenging for both prevention program. Both TB and HIV have higher burden disease and need to be cope urgently. Adequate treatment of TB in co-infected patients can reduce the high morbidity and mortality of patients, prevent treatment failure and improve the success rate.Objectives: Determine the proportion of successful treatment of TB among HIV-TB patients in H. Adam Malik General Hospital between 2011-2013 and identified the factors that influenced the success of their TB treatment.Methods: A case control study design using medical records of HIV-TB patients in VCT polyclinic of H. Adam Malik General Hospital from 2011-2013.Results: The average success rate of TB treatment among HIV-TB patients in H. Adam Malik General Hospital was 68.56%. Male, age ≤40 years, pulmonary TB, CD4 count 200 (aOR 15, 80 95% CI: 3.18 - 78.64), status of anemia (aOR 2.00 95% CI: 1.22 -  3.26) and adherence to TB treatment (aOR 6.16 95% CI: 2.07 - 18.31) were statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Other factors such as age, classification of TB disease and HIV stage were not significant (p values> 0.05). Conclusion: Female, CD4 cell counts 101-200, CD4 count> 200, status of anemia and adherence to  TB treatment determined the successful of TB treatment among HIV-TB patients. Implementation of TB/HIV collaborative program and DOTS strategy in TB treatment increases the success rate of TB treatment among HIV-TB patients at H. Adam Malik General Hospital.Keyword: success, tuberculosis treatment, HIV-TB   INTISARIPendahuluan: Ko-infeksi TB/HIV saat ini menjadi ancaman kesehatan serius bagi penduduk dunia. Upaya penanggulangan program TB maupun HIV selama ini masih menghadapi kendala apalagi jika kedua penyakit tersebut bersekutu akan lebih menyulitkan dan menjadi tantangan bagi penanggulangan kedua program. Baik TB maupun HIV, keduanya mempunyai burden disease yang cukup tinggi untuk segera ditangani. Pengobatan TB yang adekuat pada pasien koinfeksi dapat menekan tingginya angka morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien, mencegah kegagalan terapi serta meningkatkan angka keberhasilan.Tujuan: Mengetahui proporsi keberhasilan pengobatan TB pada penderita HIV di RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan tahun 2011-2013 serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan pengobatan TB-nya.Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah case control, menggunakan data sekunder Poliklinik VCT Pusyansus RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan 2011-2013.Hasil: Rata-rata keberhasilan pengobatan TB pada penderita HIV di RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan tahun 2011-2013 sebesar 68,56%. Jenis kelamin laki-laki, umur ≤40 tahun, lesi TB di paru, jumlah CD4 200 (aOR 15,80 95%CI: 3,18 - 78,64), tidak anemia (aOR 2,00 95%CI: 1,22 - 3,26) dan keteraturan pengobatan TB (aOR 6,16 95%CI: 2,07 - 18,31) berhubungan signifikan dalam analisis multivariat. Faktor lain yaitu umur, klasifikasi penyakit TB dan stadium HIV tidak bermakna (nilai p>0,05).Simpulan: Jenis kelamin perempuan, jumlah CD4 101-200, jumlah CD4 >200, tidak anemia dan teratur menjalani pengobatan OAT menentukan keberhasilan pengobatan TB pada penderita HIV-TB. Implementasi program kolaborasi TB/HIV dan penerapan strategi pengobatan TB dengan DOTS meningkatkan angka keberhasilan pengobatan TB di RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan.Kata kunci: keberhasilan, pengobatan tuberkulosis, HIV-T

Correlation Between Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) Infection and Eosinophil Score on Residents Around Landfill of Mojosongo Village, Jebres Sub-District, Surakarta City

Introduction: Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) infected more than one million people all over the world. In Indonesia, the prevalence of STH infection is still high in a few places, some of them are 40-60 % of all ages, with different species of helminth and intensity. Citizens around landfills usually has unhealthy  sanitary and life style. Some data indicated that they often suffer  alergic symptoms, like itchy on the skin and chronic coughing which could be due to STH infection.Objectives: This study was held to know the relationship between STH infection and eosinophil score at citizens around landfills of Kelurahan Mojosongo Kecamatan Jebres Kota Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia.Methods: Stool and blood sample from 96 citizens of study site who agreed to participate (by informed consent) were collected. Kato-Katz method was used to determine the helminths infection intensity. Eosinophil count was done on thin blood smear stained with Giemsa to identify the percentage of eosinophil among other cells on the blood smear subjects. .Results: Prevalence of STH infection was 7,29% (7/96) with egg density of 61 Eggs Per Gram Feses (EPGF). Single type of helminth infection occured among the participants and there was no co-infection. Hookworm infection was 6,25% (6/96) and Trichuris trichiura infection was 1,04% (1/96). There was no Ascaris lumbricoides infection. All of them were fall into catagory of light infection. The prevalence of eosinophilia was 27,8% (26/96) with 2,63% mean osinophil percentage. There was a very weak association between STH infection intensity and eosinophil score (r=0,190; p=0,032).Conclusion: The prevalence of STH infection of the population around landfills of Mojosongo, Surakarta was 7,29% and predominated by Hookworm. There was a very weak association between STH infection intensity and eosinophil score (r=0,190; p=0,032). Keywords: STH infection, STH infection intensity, eosinophil score, Kato-Katz, eosinophiliaINTISARIPendahuluan: Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) menginfeksi lebih dari satu milyar orang di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia, prevalensi STH di beberapa tempat juga masih tinggi, ada diantaranya dengan prevalensi 40-60 % pada semua umur, dengan jenis cacing dan intensitas yang berbeda-beda. Masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar Tempat Pembuangan sampah Akhir (TPA) biasanya sanitasi lingkungan dan kebiasaan hidupnya tidak sehat. Beberapa data menunjukkan bahwa mereka biasanya mengeluhkan adanya  gejala alergi seperti gatal-gatal pada kulit dan batuk kronis yang sangat mungkin disebabkan olef infeksi STH.Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui hubungan infeksi STH dengan angka eosinofil pada masyarakat di sekitar TPA Kelurahan Mojosongo Kecamatan Jebres Kota Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.Metode : Sampel tinja dan darah dikoleksi dari 96 warga yang bersedia berpartisipasi (dengan informed consent). Metode Kato-Katz digunakan untuk mengetahui adanya infeksi STH dan mengetahui intensitas infeksinya. Hitung eosinofil dilakukan pada sediaan apus darah tipis yang dipulas dengan Giemsa untuk mengetahui persentase eosinofil pada penderita.Hasil: Prevalensi infeksi STH secara keseluruhan sebesar 7,29% (7/96) dengan rata-rata jumlah telur 61 telur per gram feses. Semua menderita infeksi tunggal dan tidak ada yang infeksi campuran. Infeksi hookworm sebesar 6,25% (6/96) dan infeksi Trichuris trichiura sebesar 1,04% (1/96). Tidak ditemukan infeksi Ascaris lumbricoides. Semuanya menderita infeksi ringan. Prevalensi eosinofilia adalah 27,8% (26/96) dengan rata-rata persentase eosinofil 2,63%. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara intensitas infeksi STH dengan angka eosinofil, dengan kekuatan sangat lemah (r=0,190; p=0,032).Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara intensitas infeksi STH dengan angka eosinofil, dengan kekuatan sangat lemah (r=0,190; p=0,032). Kata kunci : infeksi STH, intensitas infeksi STH, angka eosinofil, Kato-Katz, eosinofili

Risk Factors of Tuberculosis at Women in Cilacap District

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is disease a second major cause of deaths worldwide among infectious diseases, killing nearly 2 million people each year. The variety of problems will arise if the woman was suffering TB especially who are married, pregnant, and have children. Her role as a housewife who had to carry out physical or mental care of children while taking care of her husband will be disturbed. The prevalence of smear positive pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) in 6 region health center in Cilacap District at 2012,  women higher than men.Objectives: To know probability of pregnancy, marital status, parity, physical activity, level of education, level of knowledge, the kitchen smoke pollution, history contact with TB patient, residential density, ventilation against TB incidence in women.Methods: The type of research was observational analytical case-control design. Sample is 102 people consisting of as many as 51 cases and 51 control. Sampling is done with proportional random sampling techniques. Data were analyzed with the univariabel, bivariabel analysis, and multivariable.Results: Pregnancy (OR 1.2 95% CI 2.4-23.7 p0.04), parity (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3-9.7 p 0.01), history of contacts (OR 3.8 95% CI 1.4-10.4 p 0.01) ventilation (OR 2.4 95% CI 7,5-23.7 p 0.00) as a risk factor for the occurrence of TB in women.Conclusion: The incidence of TB in women in Cilacap District a more probable or risk greater in women who were pregnant, high parity, had a history of contacts, and stay at home with the bad ventilation. Probability of them was 99.5% Keywords: Tuberculosis, Women, Risk Factors INTISARIPendahuluan: Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah penyakit penyebab utama ke-dua kematian di seluruh dunia di antara penyakit menular, membunuh hampir 2 juta orang setiap tahun.Risiko TB pada wanita meningkat selama usia produktif. Berbagai masalah akan muncul jika wanita menderita TB mengingat peran wanita terutama yang sudah menikah, hamil, dan memiliki anak. Perannya sebagai seorang ibu rumah tangga yang harus melaksanakan tugas pengasuhan fisik maupun mental anak-anak sekaligus mengurus suami akan terganggu.Prevalensi TB paru BTA positif di 6 wilayah Puskesmas Kabupaten Cilacap tahun 2012 pada wanita lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada pria. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui peluang status perkawinan, kehamilan,paritas, aktivitas fisik, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pengetahuan, polusi asap dapur, riwayat kontak serumah, kepadatan hunian, dan luas ventilasi rumah terhadap kejadian TB pada wanita.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalahpenelitian analitik observasional dengan rancangan kasus kontrol.Besar sampel adalah sebanyak 102 orang terdiri dari 51 orang kasus dan 51 orang kontrol.Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik proporsional random sampling.Data dianalisis dengan analisis univariabel, bivariabel, dan multivariabel.Hasil: Hasil uji  multivariat, kehamilan (OR 1,2 CI 95% 2,4-23,7 p 0,04), paritas (OR 3,5 CI 95% 1,3-9,7 p 0,01), riwayat kontak (OR 3,8 CI 95% 1,4-10,4 p 0,01) ventilasi (OR 7,5 CI 95% 2,4-23,7 p 0,00) sebagai faktor risiko terjadinya TB pada wanita.Simpulan: Kejadian TB pada wanita di Kabupaten Cilacap berpeluang atau berisiko lebih besar pada wanita yang hamil, paritas tinggi, mempunyai riwayat kontak, dan tinggal di rumah dengan ventilasi yang tidak memenuhi syarat kesehatan. Probabilitas subyek dengan faktor risiko tersebut untuk menderita TB sebesar 99,5%. Kata kunci: tuberkulosis, wanita, faktor risik

Risk Factors of Lymphatic Filariasis in Manokwari, West Papua

Introduction: Lymphatic filariasis is parasitic disease caused by three worm species, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti. The prevalence of lymphatic filariasis in Indonesia is still high with microfilaria rate 3.1%. The highest rate is found in Papua, Aceh, Maluku, and NTT with the range from 6.9% to 11.6 % in 2001. Microfilaria rate is documented 7.3% in Manokwari Regency. However, the risk factors associated with lymphatic filariasis there is still unclear.Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors associated with lymphatic filariasis in Manokwari Regency, West PapuaMethods: This study was observational analytic study, with case control design. One hundred forty four persons were enrolled in this study, 72 persons as case group and 72 persons as control group. The risk factors data were collected by direct interview analyzed by bivariate and multivariate analysis.Results: Living near swamp [OR (95%CI), 5.8 (2.3-14.2); p < 0.001], low income [OR (95%CI), 4.8 (1.8-12.9); p = 0.002), low level of knowledge [OR (95%CI), 3.4(1.4-8.6); p = 0,009], not using mosquito bed net [OR (95%CI), 4.6(2.0-10.8); p < 0.001], and minimal clothing [OR (95%CI), 4.1(1.8-9.8); p = 0,001], were associated with lymphatic filariasis in Manokwari Regency.Conclusion: Risk of factor lymphatic filariasis Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province, are living near swamp, low income, low level of knowledge, not using mosquito bed net, and minimal clothing. Keywords:  Risk factor, filariasis, Manokwari, West Papua INTISARIPendahuluan: Filariasis limfatik adalah penyakit parasitik yang disebabkan oleh tiga spesies cacing, yaitu Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, dan Wuchereria bancrofti. Prevalensi filariasis limfatik di Indonesia tergolong tinggi dengan angka mikrofilaria sebesar 3,1%. Angka tertinggi dijumpai di Papua, Aceh, Maluku, dan NTT dengan  rentang antara 6,9% sampai 11,6 % pada tahun 2001. Angka mikrofilaria sebesar 7,3% dilaporkan di Kabupaten Manokwari. Namun, faktor-faktor risiko yang berkaitan dengan kejadian filariasis limfatik di sana masih belum jelas.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor risiko yang berkaitan dengan kejadian filariasis limfatik di Kabupaten Manokwari, Propinsi Papua Barat.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik obeservasional dengan rangcangan kasus control. Seratus empat puluh empat orang diikutkan dalam penelitian ini, terbagi atas 72 orang dalam kelompok kasus, dan 72 orang dalam kelompok control. Data faktor risiko diperoleh dengan wawancara langsung dan diolah dengan analisis bivariat dan multivariate.Hasil: Hidup dekat rawa [OR (95%CI), 5.8 (2.3-14.2); p < 0.001], pendapatan rendah [OR (95%CI), 4.8 (1.8-12.9); p = 0.002), tingkat pengetahuan rendah [OR (95%CI), 3.4(1.4-8.6); p = 0,009], tidak menggunakan kelambu [OR (95%CI), 4.6(2.0-10.8); p < 0.001], dan memakai pakaian terbuka [OR (95%CI), 4.1(1.8-9.8); p = 0,001], berkaitan dengan filariasis limfatik di Kabupaten Manokwari.Simpulan: Faktor-faktor risiko filariasis limfatik di Kabupaten Manokwari, Propinsi Papua Barat, adalah hidup dekat rawa, pendapatan rendah, tingkat pengetahuan rendah, tidak menggunakan kelambu, dan memakai pakaian terbuka. Kata kunci:  Faktor risiko, filariasis, Manokwari, Papua Bara

Larval Density of Aedes spp. in Residential Areas of Singkil District, Manado City, Indonesia

Introduction: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is one of the infectious diseases transmitted by Aedes sp. mosquitoes, and it remains a serious problem these days. Report from the Health Department of Manado city revealed that the Singkil District is an endemic area of DHF. Singkil District is one of the Districts of Manado City, which has nine sub-districts. According to the data from Manado City’s Health Department, in Singkil District, there were 43 cases of DHF in 2013, 57 cases in 2014, and 13 cases in 2015. The data of the vector’s larval density is needed for the prevention and control of DHF.Objectives: This study’s aim is to investigate the larval density of Aedes sp in Singkil District, Manado City, North Sulawesi.Methods: This is a descriptive survey study. Study samples were Aedes sp. mosquito larvae in the residential areas in Singkil District. Secondary data of DHF cases in Singkil District and then a survey of larval density was conducted (HI, CI, BI, LFI).Results: Based on the survey of 100 houses, the House Index (HI) was 43%, the Container index (CI) was 20%, the Breteau index was 50, and the Larva Free Index was 57 %.Conclusion: According to these findings, the Density Figure (DF) from table 1 is 6, which shows that the density of larva in Singkil District was high.Keywords: DHF, larval density, Aedes sp. INTISARIPendahuluan: Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan salah satu penyakit menular yang ditularkan vektor nyamuk Aedes sp. yang sampai saat ini masih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang serius. Laporan Dinas Kesehatan Kota Manado, kecamatan Singkil termasuk daerah endemis DBD. Kecamatan Singkil adalah salah satu kecamatan di Kota Manado yang terdiri dari 9 kelurahan. Menurut data Dinas Kesehatan kota Manado,  pada tahun 2013 ditemukan 43 kasus DBD, tahun 2014 ditemukan 57 kasus DBD, dan tahun 2015 ditemukan 13 kasus DBD. Pengetahuan tentang kepadatan vektor nyamuk Aedes sp. diperlukan sebagai upaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan DBD.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui kepadatan jentik nyamuk Aedes spp. di Kecamatan Singkil Kota Manado, Sulawesi Utara.Metode: Jenis penelitian survey deskriptif. Sampel penelitian adalah jentik nyamuk Aedes sp yang ada di lingkungan pemukiman di Kecamatan Singkil. Data sekunder penderita DBD Kecamatan Singkil setempat Tahun 2016 dan selanjutnya dilakukan survey kepadatan jentik nyamuk(HI, CI,BI,ABJ).Hasil: Dari hasil survey terhadap 100 rumah, di dapat nilai House Index (HI) sebesar 43%, Container index (CI) 20%, Breteau index 50, Angka bebas jentik (ABJ) 57 %.Simpulan: Sehingga dari nilai-nilai tersebut didapatkan nilai Kepadatan populasi jentik nyamuk atau Density Figure (DF) dari tabel 1 adalah 6 yang menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan jentik nyamuk di kecamatan Singkil termasuk kepadatan tinggi.Kata kunci : DBD, kepadatan jentik Aedes sp

The Comparison of The Clinical Symptoms of Thypoid Fever in Adult Patients (Tubex vs Widal) in Banda Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia

Introduction: Salmonella typhi bacteria infects humans through food or water contaminated by feces or urine of the patients or asymptomatic career of typhoid fever. Currently the Tubex and Widal test are the standard test to establish a definitive diagnosis for typhoid fever in Aceh. Unfortunatelly little known the differences of the sensitivity and specificity of those two diagnostic tests in the relation to clinical symptoms in adult patients with typhoid fever in dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital (RSU.DZA) Banda Aceh. Objectives: To determine the differences in sensitivity and specificity between Tubex and Widal test in adult patients with typhoid fever and its relation to clinical symptoms in RSU.DZA. Methods: We condacted an descriptive analytic with a cross-sectional design. The subjects were 75 patients aged over 18 years. Data collected from the medical records (MR) since January to December 2013. Inclusion creteria were fever (>380C) between 5-21 days, or suspected typhoid fever, and diagnosed when admitted to hospital. All the patients were test with both diagnostic tools (Tubex and Widal).Results: Overall, from 75 sampels were tested. Most of the samples ages between 19-28 years old (45%) with male 69%.  The sensitivity and specificity of the Tubex test was 84.21 % and 69.64 % respectively. 48.48 % positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV)were 92.86 %.  Fever was found in the whole subject of the research and became the main symptom of the patients when admitted to hospital, followed by headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and chills.Conclution: No differences of the Tubex and Widal test related to clinical symptoms and fever (>380C) was dominant funded.   Keywords: Salmonella typhi, comparison, Tubex test, Widal test,  RSU.DZA, Banda Aceh.  INTISASRIPendahuluan: Penyakit infeksi Salmonella thyposa dapat ditularkan dari makanan dan air yang terkontaminasi dari faeses dan urine pasien yang terinfeksi Thypoid namun tidak menunjukkan gejala klinis. Saat ini penentuan diagnosis pada pasien thypoid menggunakan uji widal dan Tubex. Perbedaan nilai sensitifitas dan spesifisitas dari alat uji yang digunakan di Rumah Sakit Umum Dr. Zainoel Abidin (RSU. DZA) dalam menentukan diagnosis thypoid yang dihubungkan dengan gejala klinis pada pasien dewasa penting untuk dilakukan. Tujuan:  Tujuan penelitian membandingkan nilai sensitifitas dan spesifisitas antara dua alat uji demam thypoid (Tubex vs Widal) yang dihubungkan dengan gejala klinis di RSU. DZA. Banda Aceh.  Metode:  Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik dengan desain cross-sectional. Total sebanyak 75 pasien terlibat sebagai responden penelitian berdasarkan data medical record (MR) dari 01 januari-31 desember 2013. Pemilihan sampel berdasarkan usia lebih 18 tahun, adanya riwayat demam 5-21 hari, dan terdiagnosa suspek demam thypoid.      Hasil: Nilai sensitivity dan spesifisitas dari alat uji Tubex= 84.21% dan 69.64%, dengan nilai positive predictive value 48.48% dan nilai negative predictive value= 92.86%. Simpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan pada nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas dari kedua alat uji (Tubex vs Widal test) berdasarkan gejala klinis. Demam, nyeri kepala dan mual muntah merupakan gejala klinisa terbesar ditemukan. Kata kunci: Salmonella thyposa, perbandingan, tubex test, widal test, RSU.DZA, Banda Aceh

A Study of Aedes aegypty Susceptibility Against Cypermetrin at Elementary Schools Yogyakarta

Introduction: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Yogyakarta is an endemic area of DHF. One of the efforts of eradicating DHF in Yogyakarta was fogging with cypermethrin insecticide. Cypermethrin had been used since 2008 with a frequency of 1.469 times. However, repeated and prolonged application of chemical insecticide in an ecosystem unity may lead to vector resistance against the particular insecticide. Monitoring and early detection for the vector susceptibility status against insecticide was necessary in potential locations of DHF transmission, such as in elementary school. Detection of vector susceptibility status against insecticide could be conducted with susceptibility test using 0.05% cypermethrin impregnated paper.Objectives: To find out the status of Aedes aegypti susceptibility against cypermethrin insecticide and the relationship between the status of Aedes aegypti susceptibility with the frequency of cypermethrin application.Methods: An analytical observational research was conducted using cross-sectional design. Female Aedes aegypti from mosquito eggs collected at 72 state Elementary Schools in 45 villages in Yogyakarta were evaluated. Detection of Aedes aegypti susceptibility against cypermethrin was conducted using WHO standard method, namely, susceptibility test, which used 0.05% cypermethrin impregnated paper.Results: Aedes aegypti at elementary schools in Yogyakarta had been resistant against 0.05% cypermethrin, with an average mortality of 4.03%. No correlation between Aedes aegypti susceptibility in the elementary schools in Yogyakarta and the frequency of cypermethrin application. This might be attributable to the use of household insecticide and to the resistance history of the test animals.Conclusions: The population of Aedes aegyptiat the State Elementary Schools in Yogyakarta was found to be resistant against 0.05% cypermethrin. No relationship between Aedes aegypti susceptibility status and the frequency of cypermethrin application. Keywords: Aedes aegypti, Cypermethrin, impregnated paper, Susceptibility Test,  INTISARI Pendahuluan: Demam Berdarah Dengue adalah penyakit infeksi yang disebarkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Kota Yogyakarta merupakan daerah endemis DBD. Salah satu cara penanggulangan DBD di kota Yogyakarta dengan pengasapan menggunakan insektisida sipermetrin. Penggunaan sipermetrin sudah dilakukan sejak tahun 2008 dengan frekuensi aplikasi sebanyak 1469 kali. Aplikasi insektisida kimia dalam waktu lama dan berulang di satuan ekosistem dapat menimbulkan resistensi vector terhadap insektisida yang digunakan.  Monitoring dan deteksi dini status kerentanan vector terhadap insektisida di kota Yogyakarta perlu dilakukan di lokasi yang berpotensi sebagai tempat penularan DBD diantaranya di sekolah dasar. Deteksi status kerentanan vector terhadap insektisida dapat dilakukan dengan susceptibility test menggunakan impregnated paper sipermetrin 0.05%.Tujuan: Mengetahui status kerentanan nyamuk Aedes aegypti di Lingkungan SDN di Kota Yogyakarta terhadap insektisida sipermetrin dan mengetahui hubungan status kerentanannya dengan frekuensi aplikasi insektisida sipermetrin.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan crosssectional. Subyek penelitian populasi nyamuk Aedes aegypti dari telur yang berasal dari 72 SDN di 45 kelurahan di Kota Yogyakarta. Deteksi status kerentanan nyamuk Aedes aegypti terhadap insektisida sipermetrin dilakukan dengan metode standar WHO susceptibility test menggunakan impregnated paper sipermetrin 0.05%.Hasil: Hasil uji kerentanan menunjukkan nyamuk Aedes aegypti di lingkungan sekolah dasar di kota Yogyakarta sudah resisten terhadap insektisida sipermetrin 0.05% dengan angka kematian nyamuk rata-rata 4.03%. Tidak ada korelasi antara status kerentanan nyamuk Aedes aegypti dengan frekuensi aplikasi insektisida sipermetrin. Hal ini bisa disebabkan karena penggunaan insektisida rumah tangga yang digunakan oleh masyarakat dan karena adanya riwayat resistensi dari nyamuk uji.Simpulan: Populasi nyamuk Aedes aegypti di lingkungan Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Kota Yogyakarta sudah resisten terhadap insektisida Sipermetrin 0.05%. Tidak ada hubungan status kerentanan nyamuk Aedes aegypti di lingkungan sekolah dasar negeri di Kota Yogyakarta dengan frekuensi aplikasi insektisida sipermetrin. Kata kunci: Aedes aegypti, Insektisida Sipermetrin, impregnated paper, Uji kerentanan, Sekolah Dasa

Filariasis malayi in Pondok Village, West Umbu Ratunggay, Central Sumba Regency

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Lymphatic filariasis is a communicable disease that still cause public health problem include in Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The cause of disease is three species of filaria and had been distributed almost in all area of Indonesia. There are differences in the distribution of species in the Indonesian regionObjectives: To investigate the profile of filariasis, the species and Microfilaria rate in Pondok Village.Methods: The sample was all of population in Pondok Village who meet the criterion and examination was performed by observation and fingerprick blood survey.Results: Fingerprick blood survey was performed on 500 respondents and was found 23 respondents suffered microfilaremia. Based on their clinical symptoms it was found 45 respondents had acute limfangitis symptoms, headache and frequent relapse fever (10 was positive mikrofilaremia) and 4 respondents suffered chronic symptoms. Based on the microfilaria morfology identification it was known that all of the filariasis caused by Brugia timori species.Conclusion: Pondok Village was lymphatic filariasis endemic area, caused by Brugia timori with microfilaria rate at 4,6%.Keywords : Filariasis, Microfilaria rate, Brugia timori, Sumba Island.