Report on policies in foresight in OO - Report on initiatives, strategies and roadmaps that contribute to foresight in ocean observation

Identifying existing initiatives in foresight in ocean observation, emerging strategies and roadmaps

Supporting Online Material (SOM) for: Impact of contrasting conditions at the North-Western Azores Current on carbon-and N 2fixation rates and the abundance of diazotrophic unicellular cyanobacteria

Supplementary data for Riou et al. 2016 PLos On

Final Report of EOOS Implementation Plan

EuroSea brought together key European actors of ocean observation and forecasting with key end users of the ocean observations’ products and services to better integrate existing ocean observation systems and tools, and to bring the coordination to a higher level. The EuroSea WP1 “Governance and coordination of ocean observing and forecasting systems”, in particular, aimed to strengthen the interactions between regional, national, and international observing systems and support the development of a European coordinated system through the Framework of the European Ocean Observing System (EOOS). During the project, the challenges and gaps in the design and coordination of the European ocean observing and forecasting system were identified and mapped. Many gaps and challenges related to the observations of physical, chemical and biological Essential Ocean Variables were identified. Some of these gaps are related to technological advancements, while others are caused by insufficient funding, coordination, management, and cooperation between different entities, as well as limitations in foresight activities, policies and decisions. To enhance the sustainability of European ocean observations, several recommendations were compiled for networks, frameworks, initiatives, Member States, and the European Commission

Importance of N2-Fixation on the Productivity at the North-Western Azores Current/Front System, and the Abundance of Diazotrophic Unicellular Cyanobacteria

International audienceTo understand the impact of the northwestern Azores Current Front (NW-AzC/AzF) system on HCO 3 −-and N 2-fixation activities and unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria (UCYN) distribution , we combined geochemical and biological approaches from the oligotrophic surface to upper mesopelagic waters. N 2-fixation was observed to sustain 45-85% of the HCO 3 −-fix-ation in the picoplanktonic fraction performing 47% of the total C-fixation at the deep chlorophyll maximum north and south of the AzF. N 2-fixation rates as high as 10.9 μmol N m-3 d-1 and surface nitrate δ 15 N as low as 2.7‰ were found in the warm (18-24°C), most saline (36.5-37.0) and least productive waters south of the AzF, where UCYN were the least abundant. However, picoplanktonic UCYN abundances up to 55 cells mL-1 were found at 45-200m depths in the coolest nutrient-rich waters north of the AzF. In this area, N 2-fixation rates up to 4.5 μmol N m-3 d-1 were detected, associated with depth-integrated H 13 CO 3 −-fixa-tion rates at least 50% higher than observed south of the AzF. The numerous eddies generated at the NW-AzC/AzF seem to enhance exchanges of plankton between water masses, as well as vertical and horizontal diapycnal diffusion of nutrients, whose increase probably enhances the growth of diazotrophs and the productivity of C-fixers

Geochemical tracers of N₂-fixation along the DIAPICNA cruise transect.

<p>Longitudinal cross-sections of (A) nitrate concentration, (B) δ¹⁵N_NO3 signal, (C) PN isotopic signature and (D) Δ(15,18)—see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150827#pone.0150827.e002" target="_blank">eq (2)</a>. The position of the Azores Front is indicated by a dashed line, and station i.d. is given on top.</p

Physical parameters monitored along the DIAPICNA cruise track.

<p>(A) Temperature (°C) longitudinal cross-section, with the position of the Azores Front deduced from the 16°C isotherm at 200m depth (dotted lines); (B) TS diagrams for stations A-E, with overlaid σ_θ density isolines. NACW: North Atlantic Central Water; 15MW: 15°C Mode Water; 18MW: 18°C Mode Water; SAIW: SubArctic Intermediate Water; MedW: Mediterranean Water; LSW: Labrador Sea Water. The black box indicates possible increased influence of Mediterranean Waters at 800–1000m in stations D and E.</p

Sea Surface Height and geostrophic currents during the DIAPICNA cruise.

<p>Station locations (open circles) overlaid on AVISO altimetry-derived geostrophic currents centered between 26/07/2011 and 01/08/2011, with color scale indicating the Sea Surface Height (SSH) in m.</p

Significant correlations between C-, N₂-fixations, UCYN abundance and physical-chemical conditions.

<p>Significant correlations between C-, N₂-fixations, UCYN abundance and physical-chemical conditions.</p

Distribution of Carbon fixation and Organic Carbon in <3 μm and >3 μm large particles.

<p>(A) C-fixation rates (μmol m^-3 d^-1), and (B) longitudinal cross-sections of POC (μmol L^-1) depending on the particle size fraction (left: <3 μm; right: >3 μm). The Azores Front position is marked by a bold line.</p