Genetic Diversity, Phylogenetics and Molecular Systematics of Guizotia Cass. (Asteraceae)

The genus Guizotia belongs to the tribe Heliantheae in the family Asteraceae. It has been placed under different subtribes. The genus has its center of origin, distribution and genetic diversity in Ethiopia, where G. abyssinica (niger) has been domesticated. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and DNA sequencing were applied to study the genetic diversity, phylogenetics, and molecular systematics of this genus. A large number of niger populations, representing all regions in Ethiopia where this crop is grown, was investigated using AFLP and RAPD molecular marker techniques. The extent of genetic variation in niger is distributed throughout its growing regions, regardless of the extent and altitude of cultivation. Despite the fact that most of the variation was within populations, significant population differentiation was obtained (AMOVA; P < 0.001) in all guizotias. It is concluded that both G. abyssinica and its wild and/or weedy relatives have wide genetic bases that need to be conserved and utilized for the improvement of G. abyssinica. Further collection of niger germplasm and exploration and conservation of highly localized guizotias are recommended. Most of the diagnostic markers generated from AFLPs and RAPDs in this study were specific to G. arborescens and G. zavattarii. Phylogenetic analyses of the genus Guizotia were undertaken based on molecular sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and five chloroplast DNA regions. The analyses revealed a close phylogenetic relationship between G. abyssinica and G. scabra ssp. schimperi and support the previous suggestion that the latter is the progenitor of the former. According to this study, G. scabra ssp. scabra, G. scabra ssp. schimperi, and the Chelelu and Ketcha populations are best viewed at present as separate species within the genus Guizotia. Those perennial guizotias with highly localized geographic distribution appears to have evolved first during the evolutionary history of the genus. This study supports the placement of the genus Guizotia within the subtribe Milleriinae. It is suggested that the present species composition of Guizotia and the subtribal placement of the genus need to be redefined

How did the location of industry respond to falling transport costs in Britain before World War I?

This article explores the location of industry in pre–World War I Britain using a model that takes account both of factor endowment and also of New Economic Geography influences. Broadly speaking, the pattern of industrial location in this period was quite persistent and regional specialization changed little. The econometric results show that factor endowments had much stronger effects than proximity to markets, although the latter was an attraction for industries with large plant size. Overall, falling transport costs had relatively little effect on industrial location at a time when proximity to natural resources, notably coal, mattered most

State of malnutrition and its fast growing wing in developing countries

Nutrition is one of the most important issues for the well - being of human life. It concerns rich and poor, rural and urban, developed and developing countries. Since, it is not a specific problem for some part of the world only, like most other problems, it should get serious attention as it deserves.. Accordingly, differ ent literatures show that, f or millions of people worldwide, hunger and malnutrition are common everyday challenges; for some, even famine is a threat. But in many developed countries, food abundance brings other serious nutritional and health problems. Th ough these are being addressed, western habits are starting to spread. However, most of literatures focus more on the undernutrition aspect of malnutrition, rather than overnutrition. Malnutrition is a broad term which refers to both undernutrition (sub nutrition) and overnutrition. Individuals are malnourished, or suffer from undernutrition if their diet does not provide them with adequate calories and protein for maintenance and growth, or they cannot fully utilize the food they eat due to illness. Peop le are also malnourished, or suffer from overnutrition if they consume too many calories. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), malnutrition is the gravest single threat to global public health . And according to the Food and Agriculture Organiz ation (FAO), the number of people globally who were malnourished stood at 923 million in 2007, an increase of over 80 million since the 1990 - 92 base - period. In more wealthy industrialized nations malnutrition is usually caused by: Poor diet, mental health problems, Mobility problems, digestive disorders and stomach conditions, alcoholism. In poor, developing nations malnutrition is commonly caused by: Food shortages, Food prices, food distribution and Lack of breastfeeding. In this research nine countries from different continent are included. And the result of this assessment shows that there is high - rate of growth as far as overnutrition is concerned, in both high income and low income countries for both sexes. And the percentage growth of overweight and obesity for some low - income countries is very significant. Cameron is the one that shows high obesity rate from the low - income countries. And, France is the country that shows a low growth rate for overweight from high - income countries. The study also fig ure out that, there is a high positive relationship between the energy consumption and overweight

THE FASCINATING MATHEMATICAL BEAUTY OF THE SUM OF SQUARES

We will investigate which integers can be written as the sum ofsquares. Different examples are given to supplement each given theorems.Introduction: We say that a positive intege

Urban Homegarden for Woody Species Conservation and Carbon Sequestration: The Case of Jimma City, Southwest Ethiopia

Homegardens in urban are found to be an important refuge for native biodiversity and provide huge contribution for climate change mitigation. The study was undertaken to investigate potential of homegarden in conservation of woody species and carbon sequestration in Jimma City. A complete listing of woody species within 138 homegardens and 39 sample plot size 10m×10m (100m2) were surveyed. Diameter at breast) height and the height of the tree were measured. Shannon diversity and Jaccard coefficient of similarity index were used to determine the species composition. Allometric equation was used to estimate aboveground carbon stocks of woody species. A total of 40 woody species (36 in homegarden and 22 in government institution) belonging to 24 families were recorded. Very significantly higher (P&lt;0.001) species richness and diversity were observed in homegardens. But no significant difference was observed (p&gt;0.5) among homegardens in three kebeles. Jaccard coefficient of similarity index (47.5%) showed low similarity in woody composition between two systems. About 2,877.13Mgha-1(884.2 Mgha-1 in homegarden &amp;1,992.95Mgha -1 in government institution) carbon of about 319.57Mg of CO2 equivalents were measured. Very highly significant (p&lt;0.001) and non-significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in carbon storage were observed between systems and among homegardens respectively. The result reveled homegardens in Jimma city have good potential for biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. Hence, responsible bodies need to consider the role of homegarden in maintaining native biodiversity and climate change mitigation in urban development planning. Keywords: Biodiversity conservation, government institution compound, carbon stock, climate change mitigation. DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/9-13-02 Publication date:July 31st 201

Review on Approaches to Reverse Vaccinology Against Dangerous Pathogens in Animals

Vaccines have been recognized as major and effective tools For controlling disease impact, vaccinology is a field with great opportunity. Contribution of vaccines towards societal development by improvement of health status and increasing life-expectancy has been paramount. The conventional way of vaccine development includes culturing of pathogens in laboratory but this is not possible in case of highly infectious pathogens that are hazardous to culture in laboratory. The concept of reverse vaccinology is based on selecting specific epitope of interest that are capable of provoking cellular as well as humoral immune response which  is the heart of reverse vaccinology. Some approaches against viruses have also been done by reverse vaccinology. Applying genomic approaches to study both the pathogen and host will ultimately increase our fundamental understanding of pathogen biology, mechanisms responsible for the development of protective immunity, and guide next-generation vaccine design. This review paper show development of reverse vaccinology, their relevance, and limitations in the timely development of useful  against the most dangerous pathogens. Keywords: Conventional Vaccinology, Epitope prediction, Reverse Vaccinology, Vaccines DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/13-11-01 Publication date:July 31st 2023

Perceptions and Practices of EFL Teachers in Implementing Active Learning in English Classes: The Case of Three Selected Secondary Schools in Dawro Zone, Snnprs, Ethiopia

The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers’ perceptions and practices of active learning in EFL classrooms, in three selected secondary schools in Genna Bossa Woreda of Dawro Zone, SNNPRS. To conduct the study, descriptive survey design was employed. A total of 12 teachers and 60 students from high, medium and lower achievers were participated in the study through availability and purposive sampling technique. The study was complemented by mixed method approach that employed both qualitative and quantitative data collection tools such as observation checklists, questionnaires and interviews. The quantitative data was analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean and grand mean and the qualitative was analyzed thematically. The findings of the study revealed that most of the respondents have perceived active learning positively. In spite of their good perceptions, their practices of active learning were low/poor. The major factors affecting the effective implementation of active learning were large class size with fixed sitting arrangement, inadequate teacher training, tendency of focusing on teacher- centered method and time scarcity were among the most influential factors hindering its implementation. Finally, it is recommended that responsible bodies should rearrange the conditions and facilitate necessary inputs for the implementation. Keywords: Perception, Practice, Active Learnin

The Nexus between Instructional Supervision, Supervisors’ and Teachers’: The Practical Paradox and Its Effect on Quality Education a Case of Woliat Zone Administration Elementary and Secondary Schools (1-8)

Even though the new instructional supervision practices materialized in the schools level, teachers were not  properly supported well, so that the students achievements was decreasing in national exams than before as the regional grade report documents revealed and quality is deteriorating from time to times. Hence, the main objective of this study is explore the practice of instructional supervision and interaction of teachers and supervisors at Wolaita zone Administration elementary and secondary schools and to see the nexus between the practices and quality education. Cross sectional survey type research design were instrumental. The research approach was quantitative dominant qualitative. Questionnaire (5 Likert scale items), Key informant interview and document analysis were employed as data collection instruments. To check internal consistency reliability Cronbach’s Alpha with value of r=0.852. The schools were selected through cluster sampling technique; availability sampling for woreda supervision head and cluster supervisors’, moreover purposive sampling technique for school leaders. Simple random sampling was employed to select the teachers’. Based on this technique, a total of 229 respondents were taken and the sample size determination focuses on 95 % confidence level and within 5 % confident limit. One way ANOVA were used to see the variations between and within groups by considering its assumptions. Moreover, binary logistic regression model adopted to determine the relationship between a binary dependent variable and a set of independent variables at Beta label (β). Chi-squared test were also used to see the relationship between two categorical variables.  From the study it is possible to conclude that, even though the instructional supervision require cooperative work, the sample schools were not found to be working mutually and the practice also lacks regular and continuous support to teachers in the ways to improve teaching learning methods and improving students’ performance, lacks appropriate guidelines and resources and no standardized data collection instrument to collect information at the time of instructional supervision, the involvement of stakeholders were insignificant. The study also reveals statistically significant relationship between instructional supervision, supervisors and teachers relation, stakeholders involvement with quality education.  Thus, to the effective practices of instructional supervision at respective schools the researcher recommended different strategic pillars. Keywords: Instructional Supervision, Supervisors, Teachers, Quality, Education, Stakeholders

The Prospectus, Challenges and Causes of Gender Disparity and its Implication for Ethiopia’s Development: Qualitative Inquiry

The study conducted with proposition that development needs to be participatory including both men and women. Different scholars came up with different explanations by raising the question why gender gap in different sectors The objectives of this paper are to: Analyze some relevant theories of development related to the causes of gender equality considering from different point of view; scrutinize using empirical data on gender participation by education, employment, health and political representation in Ethiopia corresponding to theories development; pinpoint the challenges and obstacles of gender equality in different sector in Ethiopia, assess the legal and policy frameworks of the Ethiopian government on gender. Methodologically, this paper a brief review is made on theories of development that provide justification mainly on the significance of gender equality for development and clarify the determinants of gender equality in different sectors. This easy is written by considering these theories of development as a basis of analysis corresponding to the empirical data on the situation of gender and development; on the challenges in realizing gender equality in Ethiopia. Finally, conclusion and recommendation is made by considering how theories of development with respect to gender and development in Ethiopia underpin with empirical evidences in the country. To supplement the literature interview is conducted and the result of relevant interviewee is narrated as case study in some sections. Keywords: Gender, Disparity, Empowerment, Employment, Leadership, Decision Making, Legislative and Judiciary Bod