Investigating Maturity State and Internal Properties of Fruits Using Non-destructive Techniques-a Review

The evaluation of internal condition of the fruit via destructive techniques mostly damaged the internal and external fruit structure. However, there are several non-destructive techniques available could be applied in the agricultural industry, specifically for observing internal fruit conditions. Different kinds of internal conditions of fruits are evaluated in terms of their quality and ripeness levels. These non-destructive techniques include fruit evaluation via ultrasonic measurement techniques, light spectroscopy, imaging via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and X-Ray, computer vision, electric nose and also vibration. The capabilities and the effectiveness of these techniques towards fruit monitoring are thoroughly discussed. Besides, the drawback of these non-destructive technique has been analysed

Investigating maturity state and internal properties of fruits using non-destructive techniques-a review

The evaluation of internal condition of the fruit via destructive techniques mostly damaged the internal and external fruit structure. However, there are several non-destructive techniques available could be applied in the agricultural industry, specifically for observing internal fruit conditions. Different kinds of internal conditions of fruits are evaluated in terms of their quality and ripeness levels. These non-destructive techniques include fruit evaluation via ultrasonic measurement techniques, light spectroscopy, imaging via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and X-Ray, computer vision, electric nose and also vibration. The capabilities and the effectiveness of these techniques towards fruit monitoring are thoroughly discussed. Besides, the drawback of these non-destructive technique has been analysed

Electronic design for portable electrical capacitance sensor: a multiphase flow measurement

The earlier research shows that the electrical capacitance sensor through the tomography technique is applicable in flow visualization or image reconstruction, named as Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). ECT can be used for imaging industrial multi-component processes involving nonconducting fluids and solids in pipelines. The electrical capacitance sensor is a non-invasive device that uses non-intrusive technique to measure the concentration of flow inside a closed pipe by measuring variations in the dielectric permittivity of the material. The capacitance of the sensor changes when the mean dielectric constant between the electrodes varies due to variations in the percentage of gas and liquid flowing in the pipe. The acquired concentration profile that obtains from capacitance measurements is able to imaging liquid and gas mixture in pipelines, meanwhile the system development is designed to attach on a vessel. The electrode plates which act as the sensor previously has been assemble fixed on the pipeline, thus it causes difficulty for the production to have any new process installation in the future. Therefore on-board sensing plate offers a new design and idea on ECT system which is portable to be assembled in different diameter sizes of pipeline, and it's flexible to apply in any number due to different size of pipeline without redesign the sensing module. The on-board sensing plate development contains signal conditioning circuit and sensing electrode built in a single module (embedded on single plate). In this paper, the details on fabricating the sensors electrodes, had been described, including signal conditioning circuit/electronic part of measurement, such as stray immune capacitance measurement circuit, amplifying circuit, AC to DC converter circuit and filter circuit

Optical tomography system: charge-coupled device linear image sensors

This paper discussed an optical tomography system based on charge-coupled device (CCD) linear image sensors. The developed system consists of a lighting system, a measurement section and a data acquisition system. Four CCD linear image sensors are configured around a flow pipe with an octagonal-shaped measurement section, for a four projections system. The four CCD linear image sensors consisting of 2048 pixels with a pixel size of 14 micron by 14 micron are used to produce a high-resolution system. A simple optical model is mapped into the system's sensitivity matrix to relate the optical attenuation due to variations of optical density within the measurement section. A reconstructed tomographic image is produced based on the model using MATLAB software. The designed instrumentation system is calibrated and tested through different particle size measurements from different projections

Optical tomography: a new filter technique for post processing image

Filtering process is important to make sure the resultant image is free from noise. This paper introduces a new filtering technique for optical tomography to reduce the noise or called a smearing effect. With this technique, it also can increase the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). This smearing effect is resultant from Linear Back Projection (LBP) algorithm that is applied in image reconstruction process. To solve the smearing effect, a new technique that use a threshold value is introduced which is called Averaging Grouping Colour (AGC) bar. The result shows that the AGC bar type 5 is the most suitable technique to be implemented in this system

Design and modeling of linear back projection (lbp) algorithm for field programmable gate array (FPGA)

This paper focus on designing and modeling of linear back projection (LBP) algorithm for field programmable gate array (FPGA) application. The features provided in FPGA make it the most suitable for embedded system for optical tomography system in data acquisition system. The language supported by FPGA is a Hardware Description Language (HDL). However, manual coding for HDL code spend more time to program. In addition, it increase chances of human error. Therefore, the usage of Matlab Simulink has encouraged many researchers to use it in order to generate HDL code while minimize human error. The LBP algorithm is designed by using Matlab Simulink. From the Matlab Simulink, the HDL code will be generated automatically by using HDL coder which is provided by MathWorks. The HDL code obtained will be downloaded into an FPGA platform of Altera DE2-115. The result obtained shows that the LBP algorithm has been successfully modelled. Therefore, this approach provides an effective method flow for the LBP algorithm to implement in FPGA

Optical tomography: a review on sensor array,projection arrangement and image reconstruction algorithm

This paper reviews previous research on sensor arrays, projection arrangements and image reconstruction algorithms of optical tomography for industrial processes. These include the review of sensor selection and projection arrangement technique to optimize system performance. Issues on types of algorithm for image reconstruction purposes, which is one of the factors to increase the resolution of the image, will also be elaborated. This review could provide a preliminary decision overview for students or researchers before initiating a research related to optical tomography

Optical tomography: The potential of mass flow rate in rice industry

The capability of Optical Tomography (OT) to visualize pipe flow is undeniably beneficial and of utmost importance to solid gas industry. The other striking feature of OT is its ability to measure and analyze real-time mass flow rate (MFR), which enables online monitoring of material weight. This paper addresses the problem posed by online weighing system in rice industry. The current system slows down the overall industrial production by impeding the device operation, and is therefore becoming obsolete. To overcome this drawback, we confirmed that OT has great potential in online weighing process using a polynomial equation. In addition, MFR measurement can gauge weight loss of rice during the enhancement process. Encouragingly, the application of novel MFR technique to accurately monitor weight loss of rice has proven to outperform the existing system in rice industry

An evaluation of single plane ultrasonic tomography sensor to reconstruct three-dimensional profiles in chemical bubble column

In this paper we evaluated a single plane ultrasonic tomography sensor and performed some experimentation to reconstruct three-dimensional profiles in a chemical bubble column. An array of 32 ultrasonic sensors was constructed and clamped on the exterior circumference of the column. The information of the profiles was captured based on time-of-flight and arrival-time analysis. Several phantom profiles were created and sampled using ultrasonic tomography techniques and the results were compared with high-speed camera images. The findings showed promising results where the reconstructed three-dimensional profiles matches with the high-speed camera images

Charge coupled device based on optical tomography system in detecting air bubbles in crystal clear water

Optical tomography is one of the tomography methods which are non-invasive and non-intrusive system, consisting of emitter with detectors. Most of the available detectors systems are intrusive where sensors or probes need to be placed within the analyzed processes and this will create disturbances in the current processes. This research are conducted in order to analyze and proved the capability of laser with Charge Coupled Device in an optical tomography system for detecting air bubbles exist in crystal clear water. Experiments in detecting moving air bubbles are conducted. The images of captured data are reconstructed based on filtered image of Linear Back Projection with Hybrid algorithms. As a conclusion, this research have successfully developed an optical tomography system that capable to capture the image and measure the diameter and velocity of rising air bubbles in a non-flowing crystal clear water