Ethno botanical Uses of Globba Species: A brief Review

Globba is a well-known genus native to India, Malaysia, Indonesia and China. There are more than 100 species and they are used traditionally in number of ailments such as post partum, mouth ulcer, post natal care of mother and child, conjunctivitis, eye abrasians, asthma, leucoderma, cough, food poisoning, analgesic, antipyretic, heart pain and Stomach pain. This articles reviews list of important species with synonyms, distribution around the world, traditional uses, common names and mode of application of different species

Solventless Extraction of Essential Oil

Essential oil is one of an important concentrated liquid that possesses many physical, chemical and pharmacological properties. Extraction of essential is one of the main issues in the last decade. Conventional treatment consisting of hydrodistillation and steam distillation has many disadvantages and finds difficult to purify essential oil. Now, it is much easier to extract essential oil with the invention of new greener technologies that reduce the involvement of solvent, decrease the extraction time, energy and descent the interaction of the concentrated volatile liquid with atmospheric oxygen through the application of vacuum

Synthesis and characterization of green phenolic resin with olive oil mill wastewater

Olive oil mill wastewater (OMW), a by-product of the olive oil industry, each year is generated millions of tons all over Mediterranean countries. Uncontrolled disposal of the OMW leads to massive environmental problems including soil and water pollution. In this experimental study, the OMW was used to partly replace clean water for getting prepared formaldehyde solution. Then, phenol and formaldehyde solutions were synthesized under alkali conditions to obtain more green phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin. The effect of the OMW substitution level on the chemical and thermal properties of PF resin was examined by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis, respectively. Moreover, the bonding strength of each PF resin was evaluated under dry and wet conditions. It was found that FT-IR measurements showed that the PF resin containing various amounts of the OMW had a chemical structure very similar to the PF resin. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the low‐molecular‐weight organics in the OMW had negatively affected the thermal stability of the modified PF resins. In addition, the wood samples bonded with the PF resin containing up to 30 wt% OMW met the minimum requirements of interior and exterior bonding performance according to standard EN 12765. The OMW could be replaced by clean water up to 30 wt% for the production of green phenolic resin

ALHAGI MAURORUM AND TAMARIX APHYLLA -TWO MEDICINAL WEEDS MENTIONED IN HOLY QURAN AND AHADITH AND THEIR ETHNOMEDICINAL USES IN DISTRICT RAJHANPUR OF PAKISTAN

The present research work is based on two medicinal weeds: Alhagi maurorum and Tamarix aphylla (L.) mentioned in the 57 Ayat of Sura Al-Baqarah and 16 Ayat of Sura Saba in Holy Quran respectively. These plants were collected from Rajhanpur District, Punjab, Pakistan. The foremost purpose of this study is to document the knowledge of the ethnomedicinal significance of these plants in the light of Islam. An extensive and complete data was recorded. The comprehensive morphological character of these species was discussed. Botanical names, family, Quranic name, Arabic name, English name, Vernicular name, habit and habitat, distribution, parts used, medicinal uses are documented and references cited from Holy Quran, Ahadith. Peer Review History: Article received on- 9 August; Revised on- 15 September;      Accepted on- 28 October 2016, Available online 15 November 2016 Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] Received file:        Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Navin Goyal, Himachal Institute of Pharmacy, HP, India, [email protected] Dr. Mohamed Said Fathy Al-Refaey, University of Sadat City, Menofia, Egypt, [email protected]

A REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CLINACANTHUS NUTANS

Clinacanthus nutans commonly known as Belalai gajah (Malay), Phaya yo (Thai) is traditionally used medicinal plant. The plant is used in skin rashes, snake bites, lesions caused by herpes simplex virus, diabetic myelitis, fever, diuretics and green tea and served as fresh drink. The phytochemical constituents existing in the plant comprise lupeol, b –sitosterol, stigmasterol, Botulin, myricyl alcohol C-glycosyl flavones (vitexin, isovitexin, shaftoside, isomollupentin 7-O-b -glucopyranoside, orientin and isoorientin),sulfur-containing glucosides, cerebrosides mixer, a monoacylmonogalactosylglycerol,13-hydroxy-(13-S)-phaeophytin b, Pupurin-18-phytyl ester, phaeophorbide and chlorophyll derivatives. Pharmacological studies reported anti-Papillomavirus Infectivity, anti-viral activity on varicella-zoster virus, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-herpes Simplex virus type 1 and type 2 activity, anti-oxidant and protective effect against oxidative induced hemolysis.Â

Sinteza bioulja s fenolformaldehidnim smolama u alkalnim uvjetima: fizička, kemijska i toplinska svojstva smola i svojstvo lijepljenog spoja

In the present study, bio-oil produced from vacuum pyrolysis of woody biomass has been investigated as a source of chemical feedstock. Bio-based resins were produced using the bio- oil with phenol substitutions ranging from 10 to 30 wt%. The conventional GC/MS analysis was carried out for the evaluation of the chemical composition of bio-oil. TGA, DSC and FT-IR analyses were used in order to characterize the bio-oil-phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resins. The bonding quality of wood samples bonded with the BPF resins was investigated under different pre-treatment conditions. The highest shear strength was observed for the control samples bonded with the laboratory PF resin. As the amount of bio-oil was increased up to 30 wt%, the shear strength of the samples decreased from 12.08 to 11.76 N/mm2. The bonding performance was not negatively affected by the combination of bio-oil under dry conditions. According to TS EN 12765 standard, the relevant performance requirements for bonded samples under dry conditions must be at least 10 N/mm2. Relating to the standard, all samples bonded with BPF resins obtained the requirements for durability class C1. Under wet conditions, the bonding performance was negatively affected by the addition of bio-oil. However, the BPF resins fulfilled the durability requirements for C1, C2, and C3 specified in EN 12765 (2002).U radu je predstavljeno istraživanje mogućnosti upotrebe bioulja dobivenoga vakuumskom pirolizom drvne biomase kao izvora kemijske sirovine. Biosmole su dobivene zamjenom 10 – 30 % mase (ili težinskog udjela) fenola biouljima. Analiza kemijskog sastava bioulja provedena je GC/MS metodom. Za karakterizaciju biouljnih fenolformaldehidnih smola (BPF) primijenjene su TGA, DSC i FT-IR analiza. Kvaliteta spoja uzoraka drva slijepljenih BPF smolama ispitivana je pri različitim uvjetima predobrade. Najveća čvrstoća na smicanje postignuta je na kontrolnim uzorcima lijepljenim laboratorijskim PF smolama. S povećanjem udjela bioulja do 30 % mase (ili težinskog udjela), čvrstoća na smicanje smanjila se s 12,08 na 11,76 N/mm2. Prema normi TS EN 12765, čvrstoća na smicanje u suhim uvjetima treba biti najmanje 10 N/mm2. Kombinacija bioulja s fenolformaldehidnim smolama nije negativno utjecala na svojstva slijepljenog spoja u suhim uvjetima i svi uzorci lijepljeni BPF smolama zadovoljili su zahtjeve klase trajnosti C1. U vlažnim uvjetima dodatak bioulja negativno je utjecao na svojstva slijepljenog spoja. Međutim, BPF smole ispunile su zahtjeve trajnosti za klase C1, C2 i C3 propisane normom EN 12765 (2002)

Phytochemical screening of antifungal biocompounds from fruits and leaves extract of Cerbera odollam Gaertn

Nowadays, heavy usage of fungicide in agricultural industries has resulted in environmental pollution in additional to expose a significant risk to human health. Hence, there is a need to develop alternatives to replace synthetic fungicides. In this research, phytochemical test was carried out on both fruits and leaves of Cerbera odollam Gaertn using standardized procedures to determine the antifungal compounds present in the ethanol extracts. Antifungal bioassay was performed through Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method at various weight (0.5mg to 100mg) against fungi: Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicilium citrum. Fungi assay was assessed based on the minimum inhibitory amount of both ethanol extracts. The results of the research showed the presence of the active compounds such as alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, phenol, steroid, tannin and terpenoid in the extracts. Leaves extracts were found to have more phytoconstituents as compared to the fruits extracts. Besides, antifungal activity of leaves extract had moderate antifungal effects against Aspergillus niger (13.40mm inhibition zone) and Penicilium citrum (15.73mm inhibition zone). However, Fusarium oxysporum did not exhibit inhibition zone with this extract. Leaves extract showed best antifungal activity against Penicilium citrum, with the lowest dosage (<1mg) when compared to others. Meanwhile, fruits had showed weak antifungal activity (below 11.00mm inhibition zone) for all the tested fungi. The study on Cerbera odollam’s fruits and leaves extract indicated that they have an antifungal potential to be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicides. Investigation for its active biocompounds could be exploited further

BIOLOGICAL SCREENING OF ARAUCARIA COLUMNARIS

Objective: The present research is biological screening of aerial part of Araucaria columnaris (Araucariaceae). There were investigation for their antibacterial, antifungal, phytotoxic and cytotoxic activities of Dichloromethane and methanol extract.Methods: Anti-bacterial, Anti-fungal, cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity activity was performed by Disc diffusion method, Agar tube dilution assay, Brine Shrimp Lethality bioassay and Lemna bioassay respectively.Results: Dichloromethane and methanolic extract exhibited significant phytotoxicity against Lemna minor having Paraquat as standard drug and incubation condition (28±1 °C). None of extracts presented any significant antibacterial and cytotoxic activity having Imipenum and Etoposide as standard drug respectively. Both extract had non-significant antifungal activity but it has been noted that MeOH and DCM extract of Araucaria columnaris showed 10% and 20% inhibition with linear growth at 90 mm and 80 mm respectively, when compared with control; against Fusarium solani and Aspergillus flavus respectively.Conclusion: Araucaria columnaris exhibited significant phytotoxicity bioassay. The phytotoxicty assay is a useful primary screen for weedicide research. Synthetic weedicides are expensive, toxic and non-specific. This study will help to discover the phytotoxic constituents of the plant by isolation, purification and structure elucidation to find out as effective herbicidal.Â

ANTIFUNGAL, CYTOTOXIC AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF AERIAL PART OF RANUNCULUS MURICATUS

Objectives: The present research is preliminary biological screening of aerial plant of Ranunculus muricatus (Ranunculaceae). Dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the aerial plant were investigated for their antifungal, phytotoxic and cytotoxic activities. &nbsp; Methods: Anti-fungal, cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity activities were performed by agar tube dilution assay, brine shrimp lethality bioassay and lemna bioassay respectively. Dichloromethane and methanolic extracts exhibited significant phytotoxicity against Lemna minor having Paraquat as standard drug and incubation condition (28±1ºC). Results: None of extracts presented any significant cytotoxic activity having Imipenum and Etoposide as standard drug respectively. Both extract had non-significant antifungal activity but it has been noted that methanol extract showed 30% inhibition with linear growth at 70 mm, when compared with control; only against Microsporum canis.&nbsp; Ranunculus muricatus showed significant phytotoxicity. Conclusion: The phytotoxicty assay is a valuable major screen for weedicide investigation. Additionally, modern studies are currently carried out to identify the allelopathic constituents by isolation, purification and structure elucidation to find out as effective herbicidal. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Peer Review History: Article received on- 9 September&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Revised on- 16 September &nbsp;&nbsp;Accepted on- 25 September, Available online 15 November 2016 Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi,&nbsp;Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Awofisayo, O Abosede, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected] Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf,&nbsp;Sana'a university, Yemen,&nbsp;[email protected] This article has been cited by: Zhang, Wenying. “Development of a Graphene Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of 9-hydroxyrisperidone in Human Blood Plasma.” International Journal of Electrochemical Science (2018): 2617-2626. Pubme

Role of Flavonoids as Wound Healing Agent

Flavonoids are found as the most abundant bioactive compounds all around the world. It is found in a number of medicinal plants that are used as wound healing agents in traditional medicinal uses such as Buddleja globosa, Moringa oleifera, Lam, Butea monosperma, Parapiptadenia rigida and Ononis spinosa. Flavonoids nowadays are being used in different formulation and wound healing dressings. Inflammation, proliferation and reepithelialization are involved in wound healing. Most of the wound healing medicinal plants possess multiple flavonoids that act as synergistic effect or combined effect. This chapter briefly reviews the role of flavonoids as wound healing agent in traditional and modern medicine