Effect of various processing parameters on the quality of papaya fruit tea

Exotic fruits from which drinks are ma de in most tropical countries are so abundant and such in a great variety, that it would probably be impossible for people to sample all of them, but they worth a try. Some of the great varieties of fruits used in drinks are bananas, guavas, papayas, oranges, pineapples, grapes, mangoes, watermelon, coconuts, longans, rambutans, strawberries, lime and tamarind

Local Convexity-Preserving C

We present the smooth and visually pleasant display of 2D data when it is convex, which is contribution towards the improvements over existing methods. This improvement can be used to get the more accurate results. An attempt has been made in order to develop the local convexity-preserving interpolant for convex data using C2 rational cubic spline. It involves three families of shape parameters in its representation. Data dependent sufficient constraints are imposed on single shape parameter to conserve the inherited shape feature of data. Remaining two of these shape parameters are used for the modification of convex curve to get a visually pleasing curve according to industrial demand. The scheme is tested through several numerical examples, showing that the scheme is local, computationally economical, and visually pleasing

Website evaluation measures, website credibility and user engagement for municipal website

This paper attempts to explore website evaluation measures specifically for information driven website such Municipal electronic government website toward website credibility and user engagement. Despite overwhelming of information source in online environment, the role of government website as a prominent government information provider becomes less preferred. Even, rapid development and continuous assessment been done by the government bodies to enhance and make utilize their website by the users, issues such usability problem, low popularity ranking and less user engagement still been reported. Therefore, the first part of this article reviews on existing assessment measures for websites done by scholars and also by practitioners. Then, in the second part of this article presents some finding on self evaluation of ten municipal website around Klang valley, Malaysia in term of popularity ranking and user engagement measure (bounce rate, Daily Pageviews per Visitor, and Daily Time on Site). Through related literatures reviewed, less study done previously includes overall or multiple measures for evaluation of information driven website. Estimation result of popularity ranking and user engagement percentage among municipal website also shows that there is still need some improvement to make the gateway of Malaysia electronic government become more favorable and engaging

Cubic Trigonometric B-Spline Approach to Numerical Solution of Wave Equation

The generalized wave equation models various problems in sciences and engineering. In this paper, a new three-time level implicit approach based on cubic trigonometric B-spline for the approximate solution of wave equation is developed. The usual finite difference approach is used to discretize the time derivative while cubic trigonometric B-spline is applied as an interpolating function in the space dimension. Von Neumann stability analysis is used to analyze the proposed method. Two problems are discussed to exhibit the feasibility and capability of the method. The absolute errors and maximum error are computed to assess the performance of the proposed method. The results were found to be in good agreement with known solutions and with existing schemes in literature

Cubic Trigonometric B-Spline Approach to Numerical Solution of Wave Equation

The generalized wave equation models various problems in sciences and engineering. In this paper, a new three-time level implicit approach based on cubic trigonometric B-spline for the approximate solution of wave equation is developed. The usual finite difference approach is used to discretize the time derivative while cubic trigonometric B-spline is applied as an interpolating function in the space dimension. Von Neumann stability analysis is used to analyze the proposed method. Two problems are discussed to exhibit the feasibility and capability of the method. The absolute errors and maximum error are computed to assess the performance of the proposed method. The results were found to be in good agreement with known solutions and with existing schemes in literature

Mengenalpasti kesesuaian perisian 3D modelling software CAD (Computer Aided Design) yang diguna pakai di sector industri dan IPT tempatan untuk pembelajaran pelajar Diploma Seni Reka Perindustrian di UiTM Merbok, Kedah

Perkembangan teknologi komputer masa kini sentiasa berubah seiring dengan penghasilan rekaan dan teknologi yang lebih canggih dan moden. Penggunaan perisian turut sama terlibat dan berevolusi samada dalam bidang penyiaran, perindustrian , seni grafik , industri hiburan dan sebagainya . Teknologi ini menjanjikan ketepatan dan semakin matang dari hari ke hari. Perisian 30 untuk rekabentuk produk perindustrian 11enjadi satu kemestian, keperluan dan merupakan permintaan penting dalam bidang ni . Penggunaan CAD, CAID (Computer Aided Industrial Design), CAS (Computer Aided Styling) di industri memudahkan penghasilan barangan pengguna yang lebih berkualiti fan menjimatkan masa dan kos . Kepelbagaian dalam pemilihan perisian dan tujuan :>enggunannya memberi masalah kepada tumpuan keperluan perisian mana yang lebih :>enting . Setiap satu perisian mempunyai kelebihan dan kekurangan yang tersendiri. \Jamun , penggunaan perisian yang menyeluruh dan yang paling popular menjadi satu ,oalan yang umum untuk diketahui jawapannya . Melalui hasil dapatan kajian nenunjukkan satu perisian yang mudah dan senang difahami lebih terdorong untuk jigunakan oleh responden . lni dapat menjadi satu asas penggunaan perisian 30 yang ebih spesifik dan menyeluruh kepada pelajar khususnya pelajar Seni Reka ::>erindustrian

Key dependent dynamic S-Boxes on 3D cellular automata for block cipher

Substitution boxes (S-Boxes) are critical components of numerous block ciphers deployed for nonlinear transformation in the cipher process where the nonlinearity provides important protection against linear and differential cryptanalysis. Classical S-Boxes are represented by predefine fixed table structures which are either use for Data Encryption Standard (DES) or Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Based on cryptanalysis, it does not offer sufficient cipher protections. The S-boxes used in encryption process could be chosen to be key-dependent. For secure communication, we need a better design of S-boxes to be used for encryption and decryption. In this paper we proposed key dependent dynamic 3D cellular automata (CA) S-Boxes for block ciphers. Our work is based on the design of AES S-Boxes which are originally in 2D presentation. The conceptual framework of the 3D CA S-Boxes is to convert and apply the 3D CA rule to static AES S-Boxes. The methodology is to do conversion from the AES S-Boxes into 3D array of (8x8x4) S-boxes, and then applies the 3D CA Von Neumann rules to them. After a 3D array is obtained from the AES S-Box, the 3D CA is applied based on the round key. The 3D array S-Box are then converted back to the 2D array S-Box and finally it is improved to meet the requirements of good S-Boxes. The obtained S-Boxes is called key dependent dynamic 3D CA S-Boxes having interesting features with dynamic stretchy arrangement, which is functionally understood by CA. Our proposed 3D CA S-boxes are better in comparison with the AES S-Boxes with predefined fixed table structures. Experimental results shown that the proposed 3D CA S-Boxes have secure characteristics like nonlinearity, SAC, BIC and algebraic degree. The proposed S-Boxes can be implemented in any block cipher for secure communication

Hydrodynamics investigations of kaffir lime leaves drying in a swirling solar drying chamber with inclined slotted angle air distributor

The present work aims to investigate the behavior of drying kaffir lime leaves in a swirling solar drying chamber (S-SDC) fitted with an inclined slotted angle air distributor. A distributor plated with inclined slotted angle was located at the air inlet at the bottom of the chamber. Experimental and numerical methods have been applied to analyze the efficiency of developed S-SDC assisted solar drying system based on the moisture content (MC), moisture content ratio (MR) and drying rate (DR) were examined. The experimental results showed that the S-SDC can reduce the moisture content of kaffir lime leaves more rapidly than a conventional solar drying chamber (CSDC). The S-SDC gave a higher DR and decreased drying time compared to that of C-SDC. The results also indicated that operation at higher air velocities resulted in a greater DR, especially at the beginning stage of the drying process. For the S-SDC, the reduced of MC, MR and DR at a high air velocity (v = 2.0 m/s) was better than at low air velocities (v = 0.5 and 1.0 m/s). Drying chamber efficiency is also observed at a higher air velocity of 2 m/s for both SSDC and CSDC. In addition, obtained experimental findings are in line with numerical results. The outcomes of this study present the potential of using the S-SDC compared to the C-SDC to be used in drying crops

Individual tree measurement in tropical environment using terrestrial laser scanning

Detailed forest inventory and mensuration of individual trees have drawn attention of research society mainly to support sustainable forest management. This study aims at estimating individual tree attributes from high density point cloud obtained by terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). The point clouds were obtained over single reference tree and group of trees in forest area. The reference tree is treated as benchmark since detailed measurements of branch diameter were made on selected branches with different sizes and locations. Diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured for trees in forest. Furthermore tree height, height to crown base, crown volume and tree branch volume were also estimated for each tree. Branch diameter is estimated directly from the point clouds based on semi-automatic approach of model fitting i.e. sphere, ellipse and cylinder. Tree branch volume is estimated based on the volume of the fitted models. Tree height and height to crown base are computed using histogram analysis of the point clouds elevation. Tree crown volume is estimated by fitting a convex-hull on the tree crown. The results show that the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of the estimated tree branch diameter does not have a specific trend with branch sizes and number of points used for fitting process. This explains complicated distribution of point clouds over the branches. Overall cylinder model produces good results with most branch sizes and number of point clouds for fitting. The cylinder fitting approach shows significantly better estimation results compared to sphere and ellipse fitting models