Pola susunan maklumat teks ucapan Belanjawan Malaysia 2019

Bahasa secara umumnya dilihat sebagai syarat yang perlu ada dalam kehidupan manusia untuk menjayakan aktiviti sosial. Dari perspektif ucapan, bahasa digunakan untuk berbagai-bagai tujuan seperti melahirkan buah fikiran, berkomunikasi, menyebarkan ideologi dan mempengaruhi khalayak ramai. Ucapan yang berkesan lazimnya mempunyai gabungan maklumat yang teratur melalui pola susunan maklumat yang dikemali sebagai tema dan rema. Penggunaan tema dan rema membolehkan ayat-ayat dalam perenggan disusun dengan baik sehingga urutan maklumat menjadi lancar dan tidak tergantung. Oleh itu, makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti jenis pola susunan maklumat dan menjelaskan fungsi penggunaanya dalam teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019. Data teks ucapan telah dimuat turun oleh pengkaji melalui portal rasmi Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia (MOF) pada 25 Mac 2019 – http://www.treasury.gov.my/pdf/bajet/ucapan/ub19.pdf . Penyelidikan ini merupakan kajian berbentuk deskriptif yang menggunakan kaedah kualitatif. Kerangka pemikiran pergerakan tematik (thematic progression) yang diilhamkan oleh Danes (1974) telah dijadikan pegangan sepanjang proses penyelidikan dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, terdapat empat jenis pola susunan maklumat yang digunakan oleh pewacana iaitu, tematik linear (zig-zag), tematik tema kekal, tematik tema daripada hipertema dan tematik tema daripada perincian pecahan rema. Kolaborasi keempat-empat pola susunan maklumat menunjukkan bahawa pola-pola ini berperanan dalam mewujudkan makna teks ucapan belanjawan 2019 yang kontekstual, tersusun dan mudah diterima oleh pengguna bahasa. Hal ini demikian, pola susunan maklumat yang dijalinkan dapat dapat menstruktur satu aliran huraian maklumat yang logik dan sistematik oleh pewacana kepada khalayak

Microbial hydrolytic enzymes: In silico studies between polar and tropical regions

Enzyme is important as biocatalyst for industrial and biotechnological applications. Cold active enzymes have showed many advantages compare to mesophilic enzymes. Their cold active and thermolabile characteristics have shown potential benefits in many industries. In silico characterization of hydrolytic enzymes originated from polar and tropical regions was conducted. Amino acid sequences and molecular structures of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacterial enzyme homologues were compared thoroughly. Amino acid sequences from these two homologs do not showed any extraordinary differences. Overall, protein folds were highly similar when psychrophilic homologies were matched with mesophilic homologies. Active site residues located in catalytic domain of both psychrophilic and mesophilic enzymes were highly conserved. Thus, the hydrolytic mechanisms of these cold active enzymes still remain similar to mesophilic enzymes. However, the differences were indicated between these two enzymes at the substrate-binding sites. Cold active enzymes showed unique loop conformations and smaller side chains at the entrances. These characteristics provided larger active site of the enzymes. Larger entrance of active site was expected to stipulate substrates binding and products exiting with lower energy consumption. This part of the enzymes indicated one of the important features of cold active enzyme to work efficiently at lower temperature. Based on this in silico study, cold active enzymes have much more advantages compared to the mesophilic enzymes that made them valuable to be further researched and applied at industrial level

Unsur penanda wacana dalam teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019

Teks ucapan dianggap sebagai wacana yang sempurna dengan wujudnya penghubung yang bertunjangkan semantik antara komponen teks. Pertalian yang dikenali sebagai penanda wacana ini membolehkan ayat-ayat dalam perenggan disusun dengan baik sehingga urutan maklumat menjadi lancar dan mudah difahami. Oleh itu, makalah ini bertujuan untuk mencungkil pelbagai unsur penanda wacana dan rasional penggunaannya dalam teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019 sebagai salah satu cara untuk mengalirkan mesej penting kepada khalayak ramai. Teks ucapan ini merupakan strategi belanjawan parti gabungan Pakatan Harapan yang pertama apabila memegang tampuk pemerintahan kerajaan Malaysia yang baharu. Penyelidikan ini merupakan kajian berbentuk deskriptif yang menggunakan kaedah kualitatif. Kerangka pemikiran adverba anafora Asmah (2008) dan teori Nahu Fungsian (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014) telah dijadikan pegangan dalam proses penyelidikan. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, terdapat pelbagai jenis unsur penanda wacana yang digunakan oleh pengucap dalam teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019. Penghubung penambahan, adverba tujuan dan adverba manfaat dilihat sebagai tiga unsur penanda wacana yang kerap digunakan dalam usaha pembikinan teks ucapannya. Namun begitu, teks ucapan ini juga sarat dengan pengemblengan beberapa unsur penanda wacana lain. Kolaborasi beberapa unsur penanda wacana telah menunjukkan bahawa penghubung memainkan peranan penting dalam memastikan ketekstualan ucapan Belanjawan 2019 dan seterusnya dapat mewujudkan makna yang kontekstual, tersusun dan mudah diterima oleh pengguna bahasa

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. METHODS: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. FINDINGS: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. INTERPRETATION: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Wacana kritis kredibiliti kerajaan Malaysia dalam teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019

Satu unsur penting yang membentuk teks ucapan belanjawan adalah ciri linguistiknya. Oleh itu, teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019 dilihat sebagai wadah yang digunakan oleh Pakatan Harapan untuk membentangkan strateginya tersendiri bagi menggambarkan hala tuju pentadbiran kerajaan baharu pada tahun yang akan datang, iaitu tahun 2019. Kajian ini turut berpandangan bahawa wacana belanjawan merupakan satu cara bahasa dimanifestasikan dalam “dunia nyata” oleh kerajaan untuk menonjolkan kredibiliti kepada khalayak. Oleh itu, bagi memahami kredibiliti yang terselindung di sebalik teks ucapan ini, taksonomi analisis wacana kritis Fairclough (2005, 2007, 2013) telah dijadikan pegangan. Teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019 dianalisis secara kualitatif berdasarkan tiga objektif utama iaitu (i) mengenal pasti ciri-ciri tekstual, (ii) menjelaskan amalan wacana dan (iii) menghuraikan praktis sosial yang tersembunyi di sebalik binaan ciri-ciri tekstual dan amalan wacana dalam teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019. Analisis dimensi tekstual menjurus kepada struktur generik, transitiviti dan modaliti. Manakala, analisis dimensi amalan wacana melibatkan interpretasi jenis interdiskursiviti dan intertekstualiti. Dimensi terakhir merupakan rumusan praktis sosial kredibiliti yang dipertalikan melalui ciri-ciri tekstual dan amalan wacana. Data yang dikaji merupakan teks Belanjawan 2019 berbahasa Melayu dan telah dimuat turun melalui portal rasmi Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia (MoF) – http://www.treasury.gov.my/pdf/bajet/ucapan/ub19.pdf. Dapatan kajian mendapati bahawa struktur generik teks yang dibina amat sesuai dengan fungsi ucapan Belanjawan 2019. Dominasi penggunaan transitiviti ayat aktif perbuatan dan modaliti secara langsung telah memperlihatkan bahawa pewacana ingin menonjolkan kredibiliti kerajaan yang diwakilinya dalam teks ucapan kepada khalayak. Selain itu, percampuran teks dengan teks-teks lain telah memperlihatkan gaya ucapan kerajaan yang telus dan tidak kontroversi. Kolaborasi beberapa jenis wacana lain juga telah menonjolkan hubungan dialektikal pewacana dengan khalayak. Akhir sekali, perkaitan antara ciri tekstual dan amalan wacana dala ncerminkan praktis sosial kerajaan yang berkredibiliti

Penghuraian strategi wacana teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019

Strategi wacana diperkirakan sebagai usaha yang strategik bagi mencapai kebolehsampaian dan kebolehfahaman dalam sesuatu proses komunikasi. Hal ini demikian kerana, setiap wacana yang dibina mengandungi intipati yang berbeza, melalui cara yang berbeza dan untuk khalayak sasaran yang berbeza. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti dan menghuraikan strategi wacana yang digunakan oleh pewacana untuk membentangkan teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019. Untuk itu, kerangka teoritikal analisis wacana kritis terokaan Fairclough (1995, 2007, 2013) telah digunakan. Analisis terhadap strategi wacana teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019 tertumpu kepada dua unsur binaan amalan wacana, iaitu unsur intertekstualiti dan unsur interdiskursiviti. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa pembinaan intertekstualiti telah melibatkan tiga unsur intertekstualiti seperti representasi wacana, metawacana dan praandaian. Penggunaan ketiga-tiga unsur intertekstualiti ini telah menunjukkan bahawa wacana belanjawan yang dihasilkan bersifat telus, tidak kontroversi dan tidak mengelirukan masyarakat. Bagi unsur interdiskursiviti pula, pewacana telah menggembleng empat jenis wacana lain seperti ekspositori, eksplanatori, argumentatif dan ekspresif. Gemblengan keempat-empat unsur interdiskursiviti ini telah mempamerkan variasi penyampaian sesuatu informasi dalam teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019. Kesimpulannya, pengenalpastian dan penghuraian terhadap strategi wacana teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019 telah menunjukkan bahawa pembentangan yang disampaikan bukan sahaja mewujudkan aktiviti sosioekonomi yang tersendiri tetapi juga menghasilkan binaan wacana yang lebih rencam. Oleh itu, pewacana perlu bertindak balas dengan citarasa khalayak yang menjadi gelanggang kepada kerajaan untuk terus mentadbir melalui strategi wacana belanjawannya

Pola susunan maklumat teks ucapan Belanjawan Malaysia 2019

Bahasa secara umumnya dilihat sebagai syarat yang perlu ada dalam kehidupan manusia untuk menjayakan aktiviti sosial. Dari perspektif ucapan, bahasa digunakan untuk berbagai-bagai tujuan seperti melahirkan buah fikiran, berkomunikasi, menyebarkan ideologi dan mempengaruhi khalayak ramai. Ucapan yang berkesan lazimnya mempunyai gabungan maklumat yang teratur melalui pola susunan maklumat yang dikemali sebagai tema dan rema. Penggunaan tema dan rema membolehkan ayat-ayat dalam perenggan disusun dengan baik sehingga urutan maklumat menjadi lancar dan tidak tergantung. Oleh itu, makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti jenis pola susunan maklumat dan menjelaskan fungsi penggunaanya dalam teks ucapan Belanjawan 2019. Data teks ucapan telah dimuat turun oleh pengkaji melalui portal rasmi Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia (MOF) pada 25 Mac 2019 - http://www.treasury.gov,my/pdf/baiet/ucapan/ub19.pdf . Penyelidikan ini merupakan kajian berbentuk deskriptif yang menggunakan kaedah kualitatif. Kerangka pemikiran pergerakan tematik (thematic progression) yang diilhamkan oleh Danes (1974) telah dijadikan pegangan sepanjang proses penyelidikan dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, terdapat empat jenis pola susunan maklumat yang digunakan oleh pewacana iaitu, tematik linear (zig-zag), tematik tema kekal, tematik tema daripada hipertema dan tematik tema daripada perincian pecahan rema. Kolaborasi keempat-empat pola susunan maklumat menunjukkan bahawa pola-pola ini berperanan dalam mewujudkan makna teks ucapan belanjawan 2019 yang kontekstual, tersusun dan mudah diterima oleh pengguna bahasa. Hal ini demikian, pola susunan maklumat yang dijalinkan dapat dapat menstruktur satu aliran huraian maklumat yang logik dan sistematik oleh pewacana kepada khalayak