A computational model for inventory management and planning

The objective of the study is to determine the factors of the optimal level of merchandizing inventory. The study is based on a mathematical model. The results revealed some interesting findings. The most important conclusion is that the 'Usage of Material' or the Sales Volume is not the real determinate of the inventory volume. It is concluded in the model that the volume of inventories depends on the difference between the return on investment in the inventories and the rate of interest on short-term deposits. The traditional methods in cost accounting - Buffer Stock and Economic Order Quantity - have been reconciled with the profit maximization hypothesis.Inventory Control; Economic Order Quantity; Buffer Stock; Baumoul's Model; Optimization; Material Cost Accounting

When Military Restrain the Rule: Philosophy and Indications

It was concluded in the literature that military is merely a symptom of underlying political difficulties, a neutral force, which mechanically moves into the political area when a vacuum is created. Armed forces took control over the political management only in those economies where magnitude of military power was greater in relation with the size of economy: a higher defense expenditure to GDP ratio lead the control of political management by armed forces.Coupolgy; Economic Performance; Defence Expenditures;

Investigating the Effect of Fluid and Formation Parameters on Mud Cake Thickness, Filtration Velocity and Invasion Depth

Mud cake formation is a layer of mud emulsion that is formed from the drilling fluids during the drilling operation. Filtration process of drilling mud takes place as the drilling operation in carried out under a certain condition called overbalanced conditions, which means that the pressure of drilling mud injected is higher than the pressure of the formations. Due to this differential in pressure, drilling fluids will tend to be invaded into the porous part of the formation; where by the smaller particles of the drilling fluid will invade further into the formation, while the larger particles will accumulate at front surface of the pore size, creating a layer of mud cake. Understanding the behavior of mud cake thickness is important because it can reduce the mud circulation loss into the formation. Specifically, they are few objectives to be achieved within this project. They are i) to investigate the necessary parameters of the drilling mud properties in order to study the mud cake formation around the wellbore, ii)to investigate the necessary parameters of the drilling mud properties in order to study the mud cake formation around the wellbore. The formation permeability, mud cake permeability, porosity, mud filtrate viscosity, mud cake density, pressure, solid particle concentration in drilling mud, length of core and also the time measured have been identified as the main factors that will manipulate the mud cake thickness, filtration velocity and invasion depth of mud filtrate; meanwhile water-based mud drilling fluid is chosen for a shallow depth well under a static condition with constant pressure and constant low temperature. At the end of this project, it is expected that core with high cake permeability will result in higher mud cake thickness and filtration velocity compared to core with low mud cake permeability

MODELLING EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES FOR BANKING STOCKS IN PAKISTAN

This paper examines empirical regularities in terms of dayof-the-week anomalies for the banking stocks at the Karachi StockExchange for the period 1996 to 2008. Non normality of the datawith excess kurtosis suggested application of ARCH and GARCHmodels which proved uncertainty of returns from banking stocks.Nonparametric analysis of the data reveals evidence of day-of-theweekeffect in Pakistan as contrary to the findings of some of theprevious studies on Asia-Pacific markets. The evidence of the dayof-the-week anomaly might be attributed to the strength of thenonparametric estimation methods which are more robust whenthe data does not meet assumptions of normal distribution. Thestudy also finds relatively higher risk associated with returns onthe last day of the working week in general. Negative skewness formost of the return series indicates probability of yielding loss forinvestors in the banking stocks. Volatility test proves asymmetricresults for various banking stocks. Results of the nonparametrictests also reveal significantly different median returns on variousdays of the week for these stocks. The study finds out relativelygreater risk associated with Faysal Bank, Jahangeer Siddiqui Bank,Meezan Bank, National Bank and Prime Commercial Bank onMondays. For the days in the middle of the week the risks associatedwith the banking stocks are not asymmetric. For Friday, the closingday of the week, risk in respect of Bank of Punjab, Faysal Bank,Muslim Commercial Bank and National Bank is significantly large

Modernism in the eyes of T.S Eliot: break from traditional writings with literary forms and movements

This paper owes to uncover the modern aspects in the writings of T. S. Eliot. Modernism, a movement which erupts from philosophy and has a “self-conscious” break from traditional writings and worked with literary forms and movements. As a modernist he portrays about the standard of love, money minded people and self centered people. The research is entirely based on T. S. Eliot’s poetry and generalizing its work entirely which required depth study of his work and citation of the critic who entitled T. S. Eliot as a “modernist-poet”. This study is retro-spective which requires depth study in order to relate by the previous work done on generalizing T. S. Eliot as a modernist poet

The influence of ischemic pre-conditioning and inhibition of the ubiquitin proteasome system on cardiac ischemic injury in a murine model

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a state when the flow of blood stops in a coronary artery or a succeeding vessel resulting in hypoxia leading to damage in the downstream cardiac tissue. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to significant tissue damage and initiation of inflam-matory reactions. The roles of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) in myocardium are still under discussion. It has been reported, that reduction of NF-κB activity by attenuation of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) exerts bbeneficial effects on I/R injury in the myocardium. Furthermore, preceding short periods of ischemia before I/R injury like in Angina pectoris are known to protect the heart. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that repetitive short cycles of I/R will raise the cardiac HIF-levels and attenuate NF-κB levels, thus reduce inflammation. It was also hypothesized that pre- and post-conditioning with bortezomib (BZ), a blocker of UPS, will decrease ischemic injury, help to preserve cardiac function and facilitate remodeling after I/R. 9-12 weeks old female C57BL/6 mice underwent LAD constriction or sham surgery. Mice were divided into 5 different groups. Sham group; 60 min group treated with 15 min sham ischemia daily for 6 days prior to 1 x 60 min ischemia; repetitive group treated with 15 min ischemia daily for 6 days prior to 1 x 60 min ischemia, repetitive + BZ group received the same protocol complemented with 3 doses of BZ; 60 min ischemia + BZ group received the same treatment as the 60 min group complemented with 3 doses of BZ. 24 h post I/R injury changes were monitored in all groups. 21 d post ischemia success of remodeling was investigated in the sham, the 60 min, the 60 min + BZ and the repetitive groups. 24 h after I/R, 60 min group exhibited the biggest infarct size while all other groups developed significantly smaller infarct size. The 60 min group exhibited significantly reduced end-systolic pressure and ejection fraction as well as reduced dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin accompanied by an increased end-systolic as well as end-diastolic volume. All pre-conditioned groups exhibited less impaired cardiac function than the 60 min group. Interestingly, short periods of I/R, BZ treat-ment and combination of both in advance significantly reduced the malignant influence of I/R on the cardiac performance. Among the pre-conditioned groups the repetitive I/R treatment resulted in the best hemodynamic function 24 h after I/R. The investigation of inflammatory mediators 24 h after I/R revealed that all I/R groups exhibited increased levels of HIF-1α being highest in both BZ groups. IL-6 and IL-1β as well as ICAM-1 were expressed at the significantly highest levels in the 60 min + BZ group. Evaluation of the scar size after 21 d after I/R revealed that the scars of the animals in the 60 min and in the 60 min + BZ groups were significantly larger than in the sham and in the repetitive group, whereas the scar size did not differ significantly between later groups. Evaluation of the cardiac function revealed totally different results than after 24 h post I/R. Significantly reduced ejection fraction as well as decreased dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin was found in the 60 min group in comparison to the sham group. It is to be noted here that the end-systolic and end-diastolic pressures were compensated in 60 min group and in all other experimental groups. Surprisingly the 60 min + BZ group developed only slightly better cardiac function than the 60 min group. The repetitive group exhibited the most well preserved cardiac function in comparison to the I/R groups. Ejection fraction, end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure, and volume as well as dP/dtmax, dP/dtmin and cardiac output were found to be better preserved in the repetitive group than in any other experimental group. Taken together, the pre-conditioning with repetitive ischemia was successful in improving cardiac performance even in the long term. This study is the first one to report the upregulation of HIF-1α as result of BZ and repetitive I/R treatment. All experimental groups which were exposed to I/R exhibited increased HIF levels. In general, we did not gain the desired attenuation in inflammation by the BZ treatment. Also the BZ treatment was not found to be as successful as the repetitive treatment in long term. However, repetitive treatment cannot be applied in clinical setting. Thus, possibly another specific way to increase HIF level may help or a new protocol of BZ treatment has to be established in order to reduce I/R injury

Derivatif Radial Anomali Gravitasi Untuk Identifikasi Batas Vertikal Pada Lapisan Tunggal

The purpose of this study is to make and test radial derivatives for identification of single layers. Radial Derivatives are derivatives of gravitational anomaly values with respect to the horizontal distance in the radial direction of a particular point. The center of the derivative is chosen based on consideration as the center of the anomaly of target. Several synthetic single layer models have been made in the form of temple artifacts and water table changes over time. From these models, the gravity anomalies are calculated forward. Radial derivatives of these anomalies are performed to determine the vertical boundary of a single layer. Radial derivatives in a single layer of temple artifacts are useful for determining the boundaries of temple walls, so that the analysis of artifact excavation points can be better determined. Radial derivatives in anomalies in water table changes over time are useful for sorting shallow gravity anomalies which have significant value. The result of this research shows that radial derivative is able to detect boundary of buried temple and also boundary of water table. The advantage of the radial derivative method is that it is not necessary to re-measure if gravity data has been previously measured. In other words, this method is a software to review the further analysis that might have been done before

PARAMETER-PARAMETER FISIKA UNTUK MENGUNGKAP STRUKTUR STATIS BAWAH PERMUKAAN GUNUNGAPI

ABSTRAKParameter-parameter fisika gunungapi diungkap dengan metode geofisika. Survei kakas gravitasi dan magnetik  yang menghasilkan anomali positive bagi medan gravitasi dan magnetiknya, mengungkap struktur statis bawah permukaannya. Analisis tremor volkanik mengungkap dinamika internalnya. Gerakan-gerakan (aliran) fluida magma di dalam gunungapi menjadi sumber getar yang memancarkan gelombang seismik yang di sebut tremor volkanik. Lokasi, migrasi, daya pancar, bentuk geometri sistem pipa-kantong magma, periodisasi, model matematis dan sebagainya. Gempa volkanik yang disebabkan aktivitas magma dapat dijadikan indikator. Hasil pengeplotan posisi hiposenter dan episenter terhadap gempa volkanik yang terjadi, juga dapat mengungkap struktur statis bawah permukaan gunungapi. Kata Kunci : parameter-parameter fisika gunungapi; struktur statis bawah permukaanbawah permukaan ABSTRACTUsing methods of geophysics, physical parameters of volcano are described. Gravity and magnetic surveys yield positive anomaly on their fields, which can be interpreted as an accumulated material beneath the surface with certain values of its mass density and magnetic susceptibility. Analysis of volcanic tremor at the volcano to the knowledge of its internal dynamics. Fluid magma movements inside a volcano acts as source of vibrations which radiate sesmic wave called volcanic tremor. Location, migration, radiation power, geometry of magma chamber-pipe system, periodicities, mathematical models, etc. Volcanic earthquakes caused by magma activity can also be used as indicators. The results of the hypocenter and epicenter position of the volcanic earthquake that occurred, can also reveal the subsurface static structure of the volcano. Keywords : physical parameters;subsurface static structur