Ecological surveys of certain plant communities around urban areas of Karachi

A phytosociological study was conducted as an initial assessment of the vegetation on different sites to determine the community structure and how the communities were related based on their species composition and edaphic characteristics. The communities were distinct types ranging from halophytes to xerophytes withdisturbed in nature. Plant communities based on first leading dominant species (Prosopis, Avicennia, Gynandropis, Salvadora, Ipomea, Halopyrum, Limonium, Abutilon and Calotropis) were explored in the study area. Out of thirtynine plant species, Prosopis juliflora attained the highest total importance value index (I.V.I.) followed by Avicenniamarina, Suaeda fruticosa and Gynandropsis gynandra. Nine species attained first leading position. Thirteen species attained second dominant position. However, twelve species attained third dominant position in all stands. P. juliflora was the only species that was found six times as a first dominant, three times as second and one time as a thirddominates species. None of the other species was in a position to get first, second and third position as a leading dominant in all stands. The communities were of heterogeneous type, with low species diversity and ranged from 1.36 to 4.54. Most of the plant communities showed less than 50% CMI values. However, Prosopis in association with Pasplidium and Cenchrus community showed highest CMI value (70.00). The soils of the study areas were sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy silt, sandy and silty. The soils are alkaline in nature. An appreciable amount of calcium carbonate (13-26%) with moderate percentage of maximum water holding capacity (19-41%) and high soilEC (593 s/cmì) were recorded. It was also observed that certain edaphic and human activity, discharge of pollutants with out any pretreatment was found responsible for variation in the nature, structure and composition of vegetation. The plant growth and their continuity was in danger in many disturb areas, especially in some coastal areas where salinity and the incident of Tasman spirit oil spillage was occurred just few months before the survey carried out.Construction of flyover, expansion of the roads and cut down of the natural vegetation producing additional losses to flora of the region

Effect of Mercury on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Among the toxic elements release in the environment, mercury is considered highly toxic to the growth of plants. The present studies report the effects of different concentrations (1, 3, 5 and 7 mM) of mercury on seed germination and seedling growth performance of mungbea (Vigna radiata) as compared to control. Mercury treatment in the form of mercuric chloride at 1 mM did not show significant reduction in seed germination of V. radiata as compared to control. Increase in  concentration of mercury to 3 mM produced significant (p<0.05) reduction in seed germination. Mercury treatment at 7 mM-produced significant (p<0.05)  reduction in seedling and root length of the plants. The increase in concentration of mercury treatment at 7 mM was found sufficient to cause significant reductions in seedling dry weight of as compared to control. Mercury treatment at all concentrations decreased seed germination, shoot, and root length and seedling dry weight. Increase in mercury concentration upto 7 mM showed highest percentage of decrease in seed germination (42%), seedling length (70%), root length  (66%) and seedling dry weight (47%) of mungbean as relation to control. V. radiata were more sensitive to mercury stress in seedling growth and root elongation than seed germination. The seedlings of V. radiata showed greater tolerance to mercury at 1 mM (85.83 %) and lowest at 7 mM (34.13%). These results show that there is a negative effect towards germination and growth of mungbean by mercury treatment. Minimum use of the mercury containing compounds in fungicide,  pesticide and nematicide is recommended. Special care should be taken to monitor the toxic pollutants available in the immediate environment. The accumulation of such types of toxic pollutants in larger concentrations by crop can produce harmful effects to crops and ecosystem as well

Use of Cryptography in Malware Obfuscation

Malware authors often use cryptographic tools such as XOR encryption and block ciphers like AES to obfuscate part of the malware to evade detection. Use of cryptography may give the impression that these obfuscation techniques have some provable guarantees of success. In this paper, we take a closer look at the use of cryptographic tools to obfuscate malware. We first find that most techniques are easy to defeat (in principle), since the decryption algorithm and the key is shipped within the program. In order to clearly define an obfuscation technique's potential to evade detection we propose a principled definition of malware obfuscation, and then categorize instances of malware obfuscation that use cryptographic tools into those which evade detection and those which are detectable. We find that schemes that are hard to de-obfuscate necessarily rely on a construct based on environmental keying. We also show that cryptographic notions of obfuscation, e.g., indistinghuishability and virtual black box obfuscation, may not guarantee evasion detection under our model. However, they can be used in conjunction with environmental keying to produce hard to de-obfuscate versions of programs

Interest in an Aviation Career After COVID-19

We examine the impact of COVID-19 on the interest in a career in aviation. As countries close up borders to prevent further spreading, it has a negative impact such as reduced employment which can cause a lower interest in the aviation industry. Therefore, we are collecting surveys from academic institutions such as Junior College, Institute of Technical Education, Polytechnics, and Universities in Singapore. By utilizing the linear regression and Chi-square tests, we can examine how much COVID-19 affected the interest compared to other variables

Basa Enterprise : Banana Slice Machine / Muhammad Aqil Ziqry Nor M Zi ...[et al.]

BASA ENTERPRISE sells and repair a product called Banana Chip Machine. This business proposal presents our business description, activities and goals within three years forecasted business period. Our company guarantees that our products is affordable our product comes with service such as maintenance and spare part. We provide free maintenance service for the first 6 months. This will help user to have less worry about the cost if the machine has a breakdown. Plus, it is unlikely that the machine to have any problem in the first year operating due to it can only handle medium production rate. We also provide spare part for the machine in case the machine has broken part such as the motor

FACTORS THAT IMPACT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL MEDIA AS A MARKETING TOOL IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the Malaysian economy. The success of SMEs is critical for Malaysia's total economic progression, both nationally and globally. Conducting business online is one of the opportunities social media has provided entrepreneurs. SMEs often lack the means to conduct in-house marketing operations or hire a skilled marketing consultant. Social media is a massive dialogue that everyone can join. With social media, businesses have the added advantage of following statements and replying instantly. While there is much literature on social media marketing methods, there is not much information on how businesses might utilize social media to enhance profits. There is little academic research into the elements that drive social media use and its impact on SMEs in Malaysia. This research aims to develop an understanding of improving the use of social media as a marketing tool in SMEs and address its relationship to brand awareness, consumers' engagement, word-of-mouth, conversion rate, and effectiveness. For this quantitative study, data was collected using questionnaires conveyed to SMEs engaged in online marketing activities. The survey yielded 177 valid responses. The findings of this study indicate that word-of-mouth and engagement were insignificant. However, brand awareness and conversion rates were significant. This result is significant for SMEs in emerging markets as it allows them to establish their marketing presence and enhance brand equity.  Article visualizations

EVALUASI PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM PRAKTEK KERJA INDUSTRI SISWA KELAS XI DI SMK NEGERI 3 PAYAKUMBUH TAHUN AJARAN 2017/2018

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of work practices Industry SMK N 3 Payakumbuh. The evaluation of the work practices of the industry (Prakerin) viewed from component design, Installation, and Cost, Product Procces faced in implementing Prakerin. Research results show that implementation of work practices in the industry of SMK N 3 Payakumbuh Computer Network Engineering program as a whole include: (1) evaluation of Goal Indicators of program design: prakerin acquire standard score 81.5% good. Then for the Preparatory Program indicators Prakerin earn standard scores 80.25%. (2) evaluation of Installation: indicator of the readiness of Teachers Supervising earn standard scores 85.33% good. then the instructor Readiness for DU/received 73% of the score is pretty standard. Next on the supporting facilities and infrastructure indicators obtained standard score 82% good. Next on the indicators of Source Funds obtain standard scores 83.33% good. Next on the relevance of the indicator Program with the needs of the Students acquire standard score 80,53% good. (3) the evaluation Process: preparation of Indicators gained 85.6% score is stdandar good. indicators for Program execution then Prakerin gained 75.83% score is fairly standard. (4) the evaluation of the Product: Indicators of Learning Assessment Participants Prakerin gained 69.75% score is fairly standardPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pelaksanaan Praktik Kerja Industri SMK N 3 Payakumbuh. Evaluasi Praktik Kerja Industri (Prakerin) tersebut dilihat dari komponen design, Installation, Procces, Product dan Cost  yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan Prakerin. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pelaksanaan Praktik Kerja Industri di SMK N 3 Payakumbuh program Keahlian Teknik Komputer Jaringan secara keseluruhan meliputi: (1) Evaluasi design: Indikator tujuan program prakerin memperoleh standar skor 81,5% baik. Kemudian untuk indikator Persiapan Program Prakerin memperoleh standar skor 80,25% cukup. (2) Evaluasi Installation: Indikator Kesiapan Guru Pembimbing memperoleh standar skor 85.33% baik. kemudian untuk Kesiapan instruktur DU/DI memperoleh standar skor 73% cukup. selanjutnya pada indikator Sarana dan Prasarana Pendukung memperoleh standar skor 82% baik. selanjutnya pada indikator Sumber Dana memperoleh standar skor 83,33% baik. selanjutnya pada indikator Relevansi Program Dengan Kebutuhan Siswa memperoleh standar skor 80,53%baik. (3) Evaluasi Process: Indikator persiapan memperoleh stdandar skor 85.6% baik. kemudian untuk indikator Pelaksanaan Program Prakerin memperoleh standar skor 75,83% cukup. (4) Evaluasi Product : Indikator Penilaian Pembelajaran Peserta Prakerin memperoleh standar skor 69.75% cukup