Correlation of height with hand length and breadth in adult Kashmiri population of Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir

Background: Nature has designed the anatomical framework of an individual in such a way that the significant correlation between different body parts do exists which can be applied to solve the conflicts and controversies, and also there is strong ethnic and geographical variations among individuals is considered to be important assessment in identification of unknown human remains. Estimation of stature from hand dimensions which is one of the very important chapters in the field of Forensic anthropometry.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 200 participants (100male and 100 female) of Kashmiri population from district Baramulla of Jammu and Kashmir over a period of 4 months during 2021-22. Hand dimensions along with hand dimensions along with stature were measured instead of hand dimensions along with stature and weight were measured. Linear regression coefficient was calculated.Results: Obtained were statistically significant and showed a positive correlation between height and hand length. P value was <0.05.Conclusions: The correlation between height and hand dimensions ( length and breadth) instead of height and hand length measurements of an individual were statistically significant. This significance of correlation between the measurements can be used practically in forensic medicine to establish identity of persons in case of accidents and disasters where bodies are mutilated and body parts are fragmented

Morphometeric study of dens and its clinical importance

Background: The axis vertebra's distinguishing characteristic is the existence of the odontoid process. The axis vertebra's morphology is very different from the morphologies of the other cervical vertebrae. Surgery on the axis vertebrae is exceedingly risky, and dens of axis vertebrae fractures are fairly common. As a result, it is essential to have a good grasp of the anatomical variance before performing the procedure. The study aimed to evaluate the morphometric parameters of the odontoid process of the axis vertebra. The different anatomical parameters of the odontoid process of the vertebra will be measured and compared with the previously studied parameters. Methods: Thirty dried human axis vertebrae of unknown sex will be taken. The linear and angular morphometric measurements of odontoid process will be recorded by using vernier caliper and goniometer. Results: The mean height, a-p diameter, and minimum and maximum width were 15.8mm, 10.7mm, 10.3mm and 8.5mm respectively. The total height and vertical angle were 38.1mm and 52.2 degrees respectively. Conclusions: To prevent damage to vital components and to help treat dens fractures, the information gleaned from this study may be helpful to surgeons working around the dens of the axis vertebra

Side effect profile of hepatitis C treatment with peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavarin

Background: The major types of side effects include fatigue, influenza-like symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances, neuropsychiatric symptoms and hematologic abnormalities. These side effects may be treatment limiting and require dose reduction or drug discontinuation objectives of the study was to assess the side effect profile of hepatitis C treatment (peginterferon alpha-2b and ribavarin) in Kashmiri patients attending the Department of Gastroenterology skims.Methods: In this study, all consecutive patients of hepatitis C infection on peginterfron and ribavarin treatment were enrolled after written consent. The patients underwent intervention treatment taking pegylated interferon α-2b (Viraferon, Schering Plough Corp., Kenilworth, NJ) and ribavirin in accordance with the standard protocol. Patients were monitored through weekly referrals while taking the medications. A detailed history was taken and complete physical examination done each time the patient presented to the hospital necessary blood sampling was taken.Results: During the study period of 2 years,105 Patients were enrolled 55 (52.4%) were males with a male:female ratio of 1.1:1.0. and mean age 37.6 years with a range of 13-75 years 7 patients (6.6) had a history of needle pricks, 4 patients (2.2%) of sharing same razors at barber’s shop. 4 (3.8%) patients of drug abuse; out of which 3 (2.8%) were intravenous drug abusers, Anemia occurred in 17 (16.2%) patients with requirement of dose modification w in 11 (10.4%) patients and dose stoppage in 1 (0.95%) patient in whom Hb dropped to less than 7, thrombocytopenia occurred in 27 (25.7%) patients with requirement of dose modification in 13 (12.3%) patients and dose stoppage in 1 (0.95%) patients due to platelet count decreasing to less than 30,000. Neutropenia as defined by ANC less than 1500 occurred in 22 (20.9%) patients.Conclusions: Dose modification was required in 48 (45.7%) patients, 30 (28.5%) patients required dose modifications due to labortory abnormalities and 18 (17.1%) due to other side effects. In 8 (7.6%) patients dose was discontinued due to adverse events (including psychosis in 1, severe flu like symptoms in 3, dermatitis in 1, depression in 3)

Lubricity of bio-based lubricant derived from different chemically modified fatty acid methyl ester

In this research, polyol ester was used as the source of a biolubricant. The trimethylolpropane (TMP) and pentaerythritol ester (PE) were produced from palm oil methyl ester; they are biodegradable and have high lubricity properties. Two different conditions of lubrication were investigated. Under these test conditions, the wear and friction characteristics of different ester samples were measured and compared. The esters derived from PE and TMP had comparable characteristics to the fully formulated lubricant (FFL) in terms of the coefficient of friction (CoF). In terms of the mixed lubrication condition, the PE ester has the lowest CoF

Tribological characteristics comparison of formulated palm trimethylolpropane ester and polyalphaolefin for cam/tappet interface of direct acting valve train system

Purpose There is a continuous drive in automotive sector to shift from conventional lubricants to environmental friendly ones without adversely affecting critical tribological performance parameters. Because of their favorable tribological properties, chemically modified vegetable oils such as palm trimethylolpropane ester (TMP) are one of the potential candidates for the said role. To prove the suitability of TMP for applications involving boundary-lubrication regime such as cam/tappet interface of direct acting valve train system, a logical step forward is to investigate their compatibility with conventional lubricant additives. Design/methodology/approach In this study, extreme pressure and tribological characteristics of TMP, formulated with glycerol mono-oleate (GMO), molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), has been investigated using four-ball wear tester and valve train test rig. For comparison, additive-free and formulated versions of polyalphaolefin (PAO) were used as reference. Moreover, various surface characterization techniques were deployed to investigate mechanisms responsible for a particular tribological behavior. Findings In additive-free form, TMP demonstrated better extreme pressure characteristics compared to PAO and lubricant additives which are actually optimized for conventional base-oils such as PAO, are also proved to be compatible with TMP to some extent, especially ZDDP. During cylinder head tests, additive-free TMP proved to be more effective compared to PAO in reducing friction of cam/tappet interface, but opposite behavior was seen when formulated lubricants were used. Therefore, there is a need to synthesize specialized friction modifiers, anti-wear and extreme pressure additives for TMP before using it as engine lubricant base-oil. Originality/value In this study, additive-free and formulated versions of bio-lubricant are tested for cam/tappet interface of direct acting valve train system of commercial passenger car diesel engine for the very test time. Another important aspect of this research was comparison of important tribological performance parameters (friction torque, wear, rotational speed of tappet) of TMP-based lubricants with conventional lubricant base oil, that is, PAO and its formulated version

Tribological characteristics comparison of formulated palm trimethylolpropane ester and polyalphaolefin for cam/tappet interface of direct acting valve train system

Purpose: There is a continuous drive in automotive sector to shift from conventional lubricants to environmental friendly ones without adversely affecting critical tribological performance parameters. Because of their favorable tribological properties, chemically modified vegetable oils such as palm trimethylolpropane ester (TMP) are one of the potential candidates for the said role. To prove the suitability of TMP for applications involving boundary-lubrication regime such as cam/tappet interface of direct acting valve train system, a logical step forward is to investigate their compatibility with conventional lubricant additives. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, extreme pressure and tribological characteristics of TMP, formulated with glycerol mono-oleate (GMO), molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) and zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), has been investigated using four-ball wear tester and valve train test rig. For comparison, additive-free and formulated versions of polyalphaolefin (PAO) were used as reference. Moreover, various surface characterization techniques were deployed to investigate mechanisms responsible for a particular tribological behavior. Findings: In additive-free form, TMP demonstrated better extreme pressure characteristics compared to PAO and lubricant additives which are actually optimized for conventional base-oils such as PAO, are also proved to be compatible with TMP to some extent, especially ZDDP. During cylinder head tests, additive-free TMP proved to be more effective compared to PAO in reducing friction of cam/tappet interface, but opposite behavior was seen when formulated lubricants were used. Therefore, there is a need to synthesize specialized friction modifiers, anti-wear and extreme pressure additives for TMP before using it as engine lubricant base-oil. Originality/value: In this study, additive-free and formulated versions of bio-lubricant are tested for cam/tappet interface of direct acting valve train system of commercial passenger car diesel engine for the very test time. Another important aspect of this research was comparison of important tribological performance parameters (friction torque, wear, rotational speed of tappet) of TMP-based lubricants with conventional lubricant base oil, that is, PAO and its formulated version

Tribological study of nanoparticles enrichedbio-based lubricants for engine piston ring–cylinder interaction / Mubashir Gulzar

Given continuous environmental legislation, the lubrication industry has been striving to produce environmentally suitable lubrication alternatives for internal combustion engines. Addressing this challenge requires the use of lubricants that conform to environmental standards while maintaining excellent lubrication performance. This thesis investigates the tribological viability of bio-based base stock to which different nanoparticles were incorporated for engine piston ring–cylinder liner interaction. The specific base stock examined was trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester derived from palm oil, and the nanoparticles were used as additives to obtain tribologically enhanced bio-based lubricants. Nano sized additives included copper oxide, molybdenum disulfide and titanium silicate nanoparticles as lubricant additives. The effects of lubricating oil conditions (new and engine-aged) on the friction and wear of the materials used for piston rings and cylinder liners were experimentally determined. The research began with investigation of wear protection and friction reduction behavior of palm oil-derived TMP ester for piston ring–cylinder liner interaction. It was followed by the investigation of lubrication behavior of variety of nanoparticles as additives to palm TMP ester. The friction and wear characteristics of the lubricant samples were examined in contact conditions that were simulated using a high-stroke reciprocating tribometer. Four-ball tribo-testing was conducted to evaluate the extreme pressure characteristics of the samples. Suitable nanoparticle types and concentrations were then evaluated to enhance wear protection and reduce friction. Finally, surface analyses were carried out to ascertain potential lubrication mechanisms contributed by nanolubricants. In the next stage of the research, bio-based nanolubricant degradation under actual engine conditions and its tribological effect on the piston ring–cylinder liner combination was examined. Long duration engine testing was carried out using a single-cylinder compression ignition engine. To control lubricant acidity, a chemically active filter technology was used during engine bio-based lubrication. Engine sump oil samples were collected and analyzed for their physicochemical and tribological properties in comparison to a conventional diesel engine lubricant. The results have shown that friction reduction and antiwear behavior of palm TMP ester can be improved by addition of suitable concentrations of considered nanoparticles. The most significant improvement in the lubrication performance of palm TMP ester has been shown by 0.75 wt% of titanium silicate nanoparticles. A reduction of 68% in average friction coefficient was observed while wear volume was reduced to half for piston ring and cylinder liner specimen. The surface analysis results showed that the nanoparticles improved the lubrication performance by surface enhancement of interacting surfaces in terms of tribofilm formation, polishing and mending effects. Bio-based nanolubricant showed high degradation during long hours’ engine tests resulting in 17% lower viscosity, 30% high acidity and 16.8% higher oxidation than that of conventional engine oil. However, the friction and wear behavior of corresponding engine-aged samples were comparable to that of engine-aged conventional engine lubricant samples. The overall analysis of results demonstrated the potential of nanoparticles to improve the tribological behavior of bio-based base stock for piston ring–cylinder liner interaction

Comparison of tribological performance of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) in poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) and palm oil-based trimethylopropane (TMP) ester

Due to environmental legislations, automotive industry is striving hard to shift from mineral/synthetic oils to environmental friendly ones such as vegetable oils. In this study, effectiveness of ZDDP in enhancing the tribological properties of steel/steel contact, when used in combination with palm-oil based TMP ester, has been investigated and the results are compared with that of PAO. Friction and wear experiments were carried out using four-ball tribo-testing machine. TMP and TMP+PAO offered low values of friction compared to PAO. In addition, ZDDP-derived tribofilm was detected on the interacting surfaces, when TMP+PAO+ZDDP lubricant was used, resulting in decreased wear

AW/EP behavior of WS2 nanoparticles added to vegetable oil-based lubricant

Improvement in the anti-wear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) ability of chemically modified jatropha oil (CMJO) by adding nanoparticles was experimentally evaluated. Nano-lubricants were synthesized by adding 1 wt% tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanoparticles to CMJO. The AW/EP ability of trial oils were evaluated using four-ball wear tests. Wear surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The addition of 1 wt% oleic acid as surfactant (S) assisted in reducing the agglomerates. The addition of WS2 nanoparticles improved AW/EP properties of CMJO