The current status of the sustainable development goals in the world

Sustainable development goals (SDG) incorporate multiple dimensions to measure the progress made by nations in consolidating their economic and human development. Consequently, the main objective of this study is to explore the structures of variation and covariation between the SDGs indicators interpreting and describing their current status by countries and regions of the world. This study assessed 40 SDG indicators reported by 125 countries in the 2021 Sustainable Development Report, using the HJ-Biplot multivariate technique, through which it is possible to analyze the existing relationships between indicators and countries in a multidimensional way. The results indicate that the global North countries currently display solid sustainability characteristics that favor economic growth, though more work is required to protect the environment and promote responsible production and consumption. On the other hand, the countries of the global South with less purchasing power must still work on policies and strategies to promote the health and well-being of their populations, enable access to essential household services (water, sanitation, electricity, and internet, among others), and promote equality

On the assessment of the moisture transport by the Great Plains low-level jet

Low-level jets (LLJs) can be defined as wind corridors of anomalously high wind speed values located within the first kilometre of the troposphere. These structures are one of the major meteorological systems in the meridional transport of moisture on a global scale. In this work, we focus on the southerly Great Plains low-level jet, which plays an important role in the moisture transport balance over the central United States. The Gulf of Mexico is the main moisture source for the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ), which has been identified as a key factor for rainfall modulation over the eastern and central US. The relationship between moisture transport from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Plains and precipitation has been well documented in previous studies. Nevertheless, a large uncertainty still remains in the quantification of the moisture amount actually carried by the GPLLJ. The main goal of this work is to address this question. For this purpose, a relatively new tool, the regional atmospheric Weather Research and Forecasting Model with 3-D water vapour tracers (WRF-WVT; Insua-Costa and Miguez-Macho, 2018) is used together with the Lagrangian model FLEXPART to estimate the load of precipitable water advected within the GPLLJ. Both models were fed with data from ERA Interim. From a climatology of jet intensity over a 37-year period, which follows a Gaussian distribution, we select five cases for study, representing the mean and 1 and 2 standard deviations above and below it. Results show that the jet is responsible for roughly 70 %–80 % of the moisture transport occurring in the southern Great Plains when a jet event occurs. Furthermore, moisture transport by the GPLLJ extends to the north-east US, accounting for 50 % of the total in areas near the Great Lakes. Vertical distributions show the maximum of moisture advected by the GPLLJ at surface levels and maximum values of moisture flux about 500 m above, in coincidence with the wind speed profile.Ministerio de Economía | Ref. CGL2015-65141-RXunta de Galicia | Ref. EDB481B 2018/069Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2017/64-GR

Coal, iron, and corn

The objective of this study is to reveal the reasons for the implementation of the first company shop known in Asturias. Notarial protocols, correspondence stored in the Archivo Histórico Nacional of Spain and in the Archivo Histórico de Asturias, as well as newspapers have been used for this purpose. The conclusion is that in the middle of the 19th century there are several factors that explain the establishment of an early truck system in the incipient Asturian industrialization: the famine, the philanthropic theories and the particular situation of a company in need form a very early, hazardous and peculiar model of labor company shop.El objetivo de este estudio es desvelar los motivos de la implantación del primer economato laboral conocido en Asturias. Para ello se ha recurrido a protocolos notariales, correspondencia custodiada en el Archivo Histórico Nacional de España y en el Archivo Histórico de Asturias, así como fuentes hemerográficas. La conclusión es que a mediados del siglo xix confluyen en la incipiente industrialización asturiana varios factores que explican el establecimiento de un precoz truck system: la crisis de subsistencias, el reflejo de las teorías filantrópicas y la situación particular de una empresa en estado de necesidad terminan configurando un modelo muy temprano, azaroso y peculiar de economato laboral

El eslabón perdido de la conflictividad social en Asturias

En el año 1858 los mineros de Fábrica de Mieres protagonizan un conflicto social motivado por una crisis de producción agrícola. Sin embargo, la forma que adopta la manifestación de su malestar no es ya la propia del período precedente –típicamente asaltos a panaderías–, sino que se materializa en una huelga espontánea, mucho tiempo antes de que el movimiento obrero pueda empezar a infundir conciencia, modos organizativos y formas de actuación en la región. Se trata entonces de un momento transicional en las reivindicaciones populares, poco o nada conocido hasta ahora. Conviene profundizar en su estudio, tomando como ejes básicos de contextualización las formas de protesta del momento, la crisis de subsistencia y la situación de la empresa

Los entramados empresariales para la explotación del carbón en Asturias a mediados del siglo XIX

La legislación minera en España impidió desde los inicios la cristalización de empresas hulleras con un tamaño siquiera comparable al que tuvieron en otros países europeos, comprometiendo así su viabilidad. Esto generó una compleja red de sociedades instrumentales. Por otro lado, fue frecuente la fórmula del arriendo de tareas, por la que pequeñas empresas o grupos de trabajadores subcontrataban labores de las grandes sociedades. Ambos fenómenos apenas están estudiados

Análisis multidimensional de la evolución de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en países de las Américas

Objective. To evaluate the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in countries of the Americas, comparing health system data from before the appearance of the virus in the Region, accumulated cases and deaths before the deployment of public immunization strategies, and the current state of vaccination. Methods. An HJ-Biplot multivariate analysis and cluster analysis were performed for 28 countries in the Region of the Americas at three points in time: December 2019, December 2020, and December 2021. Results. In the Americas, heterogeneity was observed in the actions implemented to contain the pandemic, and this was reflected in different groups of countries. Conclusions. Not all countries in the Region of the Americas had the health conditions necessary to contain COVID-19. At the end of 2019, the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Cuba had advantages over other countries in the Region; however, actions implemented during 2020 to contain the pandemic created different groups of countries in terms of the prevalence of infections and deaths. At the end of 2020, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Mexico had critical levels of mortality. At the end of 2021, after the implementation of vaccination plans, more than 60% of the population of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Panama, the United States, and Uruguay had completed the vaccination schedule. © 2022 Pan American Health Organization. All rights reserved

Dynamic downscaling of wind speed over the North Atlantic Ocean using CMIP6 projections: implications for offshore wind power density

Offshore wind energy is an important agent to fight climate change. However, it is simultaneously very sensitive to climate change. This study analyzes the future changes in wind speed of 10 m above sea surface (V10) in the North Atlantic Ocean and how these variations may affect offshore wind energy resources for three potential subregions (the United States (US) East Coast, western Iberian Peninsula, and the Caribbean Sea). Dynamic downscaling of three different future scenarios of the CESM2 global climate model (CMIP6 project) was performed using the WRF-ARW atmospheric model. V10 is expected to decrease in the winter and spring seasons but increase in summer and autumn, mainly in tropical regions up to 30 °N. Annually, it shows the maximum increase in the tropical region. For the Iberian Peninsula subregion, significant increases in summer are expected for wind power density (WPD) along the 21st century, but there is uncertainty for the other seasons. A WPD decrease in winter and increases in summer and autumn are expected along the 21st century for the US subregion. No significant changes were observed at annual scale. Finally, for the Caribbean Sea, a decrease is projected in the Yucatan Basin and considerable increases are foreseen for the Colombia and Venezuela basins.Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481A-2020/193Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2021/44Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. JC2020-043745-IAgencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2021-22314OB-I00Universidade de Vigo/CISU

Significant increase of global anomalous moisture uptake feeding landfalling Atmospheric Rivers

One of the most robust signals of climate change is the relentless rise in global mean surface temperature, which is linked closely with the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere. A more humid atmosphere will lead to enhanced moisture transport due to, among other factors, an intensification of atmospheric rivers (ARs) activity, which are an important mechanism of moisture advection from subtropical to extra-tropical regions. Here we show an enhanced evapotranspiration rates in association with landfalling atmospheric river events. These anomalous moisture uptake (AMU) locations are identified on a global scale. The interannual variability of AMU displays a significant increase over the period 1980-2017, close to the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) scaling, at 7 % per degree of surface temperature rise. These findings are consistent with an intensification of AR predicted by future projections. Our results also reveal generalized significant increases in AMU at the regional scale and an asymmetric supply of oceanic moisture, in which the maximum values are located over the region known as the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP) centred on the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean SeaMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-095772-B-I00Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2017/64-GRCMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CGL2015-65141-RXunta de Galicia | Ref. EDB481B 2018/069Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. PTDC/CTA-MET/29233/2017Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. CEECIND/00027/201

Extreme precipitation events

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGThe effect of increased populations concentrated in urban areas, coupled with the ongoing threat of climate change, means that society is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the effects of extreme precipitation. The study of these events is therefore a key topic in climate research, in their physical basis, in the study of their impacts, and in our adaptation to them. From a meteorological perspective, the main questions are related to the definition of extreme events, changes in their distribution and intensity both globally and regionally, the dependence on large-scale phenomena including the role of moisture transport, and changes in their behavior due to anthropogenic pressures. In this review article, we address all these points and propose a set of challenges for future research.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RTI2018‐095772‐B‐I00Xunta Galicia | Ref. D431C 2021/4