Nursing students’ perceptions of support and active learning regarding simulation-based education in Lesotho: A quantitative study

Background. Simulation has taken centre stage in health sciences education in the context of the increasing adoption of a competency-based curriculum. Simulation replicates facets of the real world in an interactive manner that allows students to learn clinical skills and develop clinical reasoning skills in a safe learning environment. Facilitators have a responsibility to provide adequate instructional and psychological support to the students, while facilitating active and self-directed learning in the simulation environment. Objective. To explore and describe students’ perceptions of support and active learning regarding simulation-based education (SBE) in Lesotho. Methods. A quantitative descriptive exploratory study was conducted using a validated questionnaire. A total of 275 nursing students participated in the study. A stratified systematic random sampling method was used and data were analysed using SPSS version 27. Results. The majority of participants (87.9%) had a positive perception of support that was offered prior, during and after simulation, which they appreciated. Active learning was also perceived positively, as most of the participants indicated that they actively participated in, and not merely observed, simulation. The results showed significant associations between an opportunity given to students to discuss simulation objectives with the teacher and various institutions (p<0.05 (p=0.01)). Institutions with trained simulation facilitators provided students the opportunity to discuss simulation objectives with their teacher. Conclusion. The study showed that student support and active learning are essential when conducting SBE. Supporting students and actively involving them in the learning process lead to effective learning

Research supervision: Perceptions of postgraduate nursing students at a higher education institution in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Background. Scientific advancement, particularly in the area of information communication technology (ICT), challenges the mode of knowledgeadvancement at universities. Such challenges are especially evident in the area of postgraduate (PG) research supervision, particularly in the light ofthe changing students’ demography, whereby there is a radical shift from full-time campus-based students to part-time students. This challenge iscompounded by many countries not considering research competency as a requirement for PG supervision – the result of static and outdated curricula.Objective. To explore the perceptions of PG nursing students with regard to the research supervision process.Methods. A quantitative research study was conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa using non-convenience sampling.The PG Research Experience Survey questionnaire was adapted for the current study. Ethical clearance was obtained from UKZN’s Ethics Committee.The population consisted of the PG coursework Master’s nursing students who were registered for the research project module during 2012. A total of 56students participated, with a response rate of 70%. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 19 (SPSS 19) (IBM Corp., USA).Results. The findings revealed that more than half of the respondents (66.2%; n=37) rated the level of support from research supervisors as moderateon a scale of low to high. The period of research supervision, mode of attendance and status within the university were identified as factors influencingthe perceptions of support from research supervisors.Conclusion. This study recommends that, to improve the quality of research supervision, there is a need to include a research supervision module inthe curriculum of nurse educators and to adopt online research supervision, underpinned by the extensive use of ICT to accommodate both part-timeand full-time PG students

Lived experiences of a community regarding its involvement in a university community-based education programme

BACKGROUND: Community involvement is one of the crucial principles in the implementation of successful community-based education programmes. However, a gap continues to exist between the rhetoric of this principle and the reality of involving or engaging communities in the education of health professionals. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the experiences of a community regarding its involvement in a community-based education programme offered by a university nursing school in Durban, South Africa. METHODS: An interpretive existentialist-phenomenological design was employed for its richness in extracting human experiences. Individual interviews were held with school teachers and coordinators from non-government organisations, whilst focus groups were used for school children and community health workers. Although focus group discussions are not well suited for phenomenological studies, they can promote active participation and reduce possible intimidation by providing support through group interaction. Analysis of data was guided by Schweitzer’s model for analysing phenomenological data. RESULTS: Themes that emerged from the data include: (1) Community experience of unmet expectations; (2) Benefits to the community from its involvement in the University Nursing School community-based education programme; (3) Existing partnership between the community and the university; (4) Sharing in the case-based learning activities; (5) Awareness of available services, human rights and self-reliance.CONCLUSION: The researched community indeed benefited in its participation in the University Nursing School (UNS) CBE programme. However, there is a need to improve the communication between partners to make the partnership more sustainable through close relationships and interaction. There is also a need for further research on related aspects of the community’s involvement. Introduction Community involvement is one of the crucial principles in the implementation of community basedDepartment of HE and Training approved lis

Development of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire for use among rural South Africans in KwaZulu Natal

Background: South Africa is experiencing a dietary and lifestyle transition as well as increased rates of noncommunicable chronic diseases. Limited information is available on the diets of rural populations. The present study aimed to characterise the diets of men and women from rural KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and develop a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) specific for this population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out by collecting single 24-h dietary recalls from 81 adults and developing a QFFQ in Empangeni, KZN, South Africa. Results: The diet of this population was limited in variety, high in plant-based foods (especially cereals and beans), and low in animal products, vegetables and fruits. Amaize meal staple (Phutu) was consumed by over 80% of subjects and accounted for almost 45% of energy intake, as well as making an important contribution to fat and protein intake. Most of the protein consumed by the study population was plant-based protein, with almost 40% being obtained from the consumption of phutu and beans. A culturally appropriate QFFQ was developed that includes 71 food and drink items, of which 16 are composite dishes unique to this population. Conclusions: Once validated, this QFFQ can be used to monitor diet-disease associations, evaluate nutritional interventions and investigate dietary changes in this population

Nursing students’ perceptions of support and active learning regarding simulation-based education in Lesotho: A quantitative study

Background. Simulation has taken centre stage in health sciences education in the context of the increasing adoption of a competency-based curriculum. Simulation replicates facets of the real world in an interactive manner that allows students to learn clinical skills and develop clinical reasoning skills in a safe learning environment. Facilitators have a responsibility to provide adequate instructional and psychological support to the students, while facilitating active and self-directed learning in the simulation environment. Objective. To explore and describe students’ perceptions of support and active learning regarding simulation-based education (SBE) in Lesotho. Methods. A quantitative descriptive exploratory study was conducted using a validated questionnaire. A total of 275 nursing students participated in the study. A stratified systematic random sampling method was used and data were analysed using SPSS version 27. Results. The majority of participants (87.9%) had a positive perception of support that was offered prior, during and after simulation, which they appreciated. Active learning was also perceived positively, as most of the participants indicated that they actively participated in, and not merely observed, simulation. The results showed significant associations between an opportunity given to students to discuss simulation objectives with the teacher and various institutions (p<0.05 (p=0.01)). Institutions with trained simulation facilitators provided students the opportunity to discuss simulation objectives with their teacher. Conclusion. The study showed that student support and active learning are essential when conducting SBE. Supporting students and actively involving them in the learning process lead to effective learning

A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean

Due to its importance as a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth in large regions of the world's oceans, ocean water column observations of concentration of the trace-metal iron (Fe) have increased markedly over recent decades. Here we compile >13 000 global measurements of dissolved Fe (dFe) and make this available to the community. We then conduct a synthesis study focussed on the Southern Ocean, where dFe plays a fundamental role in governing the carbon cycle, using four regions, six basins and five depth intervals as a framework. Our analysis highlights depth-dependent trends in the properties of dFe between different regions and basins. In general, surface dFe is highest in the Atlantic basin and the Antarctic region. While attributing drivers to these patterns is uncertain, inter-basin patterns in surface dFe might be linked to differing degrees of dFe inputs, while variability in biological consumption between regions covaries with the associated surface dFe differences. Opposite to the surface, dFe concentrations at depth are typically higher in the Indian basin and the Subantarctic region. The inter-region trends can be reconciled with similar ligand variability (although only from one cruise), and the inter-basin difference might be explained by differences in hydrothermal inputs suggested by modelling studies (Tagliabue et al., 2010) that await observational confirmation. We find that even in regions where many dFe measurements exist, the processes governing the seasonal evolution of dFe remain enigmatic, suggesting that, aside from broad Subantarctic - Antarctic trends, biological consumption might not be the major driver of dFe variability. This highlights the apparent importance of other processes such as exogenous inputs, physical transport/mixing or dFe recycling processes. Nevertheless, missing measurements during key seasonal transitions make it difficult to better quantify and understand surface water replenishment processes and the seasonal Fe cycle. Finally, we detail the degree of seasonal coverage by region, basin and depth. By synthesising prior measurements, we suggest a role for different processes and highlight key gaps in understanding, which we hope can help structure future research efforts in the Southern Ocean

Chromium Oxide Formation on Nanosecond and Femtosecond Laser Irradiated Thin Chromium Films

Thin coatings of Chromium oxide have been used for applications as absorbing material in solar cells, as protections for magnetic data recording devices and as shields in flexible solar cells. Thin coatings of pure chromium were vacuum deposited on a glass substrate using hot electrons from tungsten filament. These coatings were then treated with a nanosecond and femtosecond laser in ambient conditions. The microstructure, morphology and the color of the coatings treated with laser sources were modified and there was a formation of an oxide layer due to the heat dissipation on the chromium coating from the energetic photons. High-resolution scanning electron microscope studies showed the morphological evolution that are directly correlated with the laser fluence of both the nanosecond and femtosecond lasers. This morphological evolution was accompanied by the microstructural change as observed from the x-ray diffraction patterns, the chromaticity response of the coating was studied by UV-Vis spectrometer and the response of the coating in the visible region evolved with the laser fluences. The Rutherford backscattering depth profiling of the laser treated coatings revealed the diffusion of oxygen atoms in the coating as a result of laser treatment fluence

Sarcocystis cafferi n. sp. (Protozoa : Apicomplexa) from the African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer)

Sarcocystis infections have been reported from the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), but the species have not been named. Here we propose a new name Sarcocystis cafferi from the African buffalo. Histological examination of heart (92), skeletal muscle (36), and tongue (2) sections from 94 buffalos from the Greater Kruger National Park, South Africa, and a review of the literature revealed only 1 species of Sarcocystis in the African buffalo. Macrocysts were up to 12 mm long and 6 mm wide and were located in the neck muscles and overlying connective tissue. They were pale yellow; shaped like a lychee fruit stone or cashew nut; turgid or flaccid and oval to round (not fusiform). By light microscopy (LM) the sarcocyst wall was relatively thin. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the sarcocyst wall had a mesh-like structure with irregularly shaped villar protrusions (vp) that were of different sizes and folded over the sarcocyst wall. The entire surfaces of vp were covered with papillomatous structures. By transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the sarcocyst wall was up to 3.6 lm thick and had highly branched villar protrusions that were up to 3 lm long. The villar projections contained filamentous tubular structures, most of which were parallel to the long axis of the projections, but some tubules criss-crossed, especially at the base. Granules were absent from these tubules. Longitudinally cut bradyzoites were 12.132.7 lm in size, had a long convoluted mitochondrion, and only 2 rhoptries. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene sequences indicated that this Sarcocystis species is very closely related to, but distinct from, Sarcocystis fusiformis and Sarcocystis hirsuta. Thus, morphological findings by LM, SEM, and TEM together with molecular phylogenetic data (from 18S rRNA and cox1) confirm that the Sarcocystis species in the African buffalo is distinct from S. fusiformis and has therefore been named Sarcocystis cafferi.http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/jrnlparasitology/hb201

Seasonal Depletion of the Dissolved Iron Reservoirs in the Sub-Antarctic zone of the Southern Atlantic Ocean

Seasonal progression of dissolved iron (DFe) concentrations in the upper water column were examined during four occupations in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. DFe inventories from euphotic and aphotic reservoirs decreased progressively from July to February, while dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) decreased from July to January with no significant change between January and February. Results suggest that between July and January, DFe loss from both euphotic and aphotic reservoirs were predominantly in support of phytoplankton growth (Iron to carbon (Fe:C) uptake ratio of 16±3 μmol mol‐1) highlighting the importance of the “winter DFe‐reservoir” for biological uptake. During January to February, excess loss of DFe relative to DIN (Fe:C uptake ratio of 44±8 μmol mol‐1 and aphotic DFe loss rate of 0.34±0.06 μmol m‐2 d‐1) suggests that scavenging is the dominant removal mechanism of DFe from the aphotic, while continued production is likely supported by recycled nutrients. Plain Language Summary Trace metal iron is one of the limiting nutrients for primary productivity in the Southern Ocean; however the relative importance of seasonal iron supply and sinks remains poorly understood, due to sparse data coverage across the seasonal cycle and lack of high‐resolution dissolved iron (DFe) measurements. Here, we present four “snap‐shots” of DFe measurements at a single station in the south‐east Southern Atlantic Ocean (one in winter and three in late spring‐summer), to address the seasonal evolution of DFe and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations within the biologically active sunlit and subsurface reservoirs. We observed a seasonal depletion of DFe inventories from July‐February, while DIN inventories decreases from July‐January with no concomitant changes between January‐February. This suggests that, in addition to biological uptake in the sunlit layer, the observed decrease in DFe inventories below this (relative to DIN) is driven by aggregation and incorporation of iron particles into larger "marine snow" sinking particles, while nutrient recycling is driving the observed continuation of primary productivity during late summer. Our results provide insight into seasonal change of DFe availability in different reservoirs where interplay between removal and supply processes are controlling its distributions and bioavailability to support upper surface primary production