Avlingsframgangen i norsk vårhvete : fortid, nåtid og framtid : historisk framgang, genetisk grunnlag og nye muligheter med fenotypingsteknologier

Bread wheat is among the most critical staples worldwide and is essential to Norway’s food production. The aftermath of the green revolution nearly eradicated Norwegian wheat production in the 1950s and 1960s. The lack of fit between Norwegian wheat varieties at that time and the new agronomic practices rendered Norwegian wheat production uncompetitive, which spurred intense breeding efforts. The efforts resulted in the release of two landmark wheat varieties: Runar and Reno, released in 1972 and 1975, respectively, which brought back domestic wheat production in Norway. Since then, new varieties have been bred and released on the market, but we know little about the achieved breeding gains or their genetic background. To fill this gap, we tested 21 historical and modern wheat varieties present on the Norwegian market since the release of Runar in a multi-year field trial under two fertilization levels (75 and 150 kg N ha-1). We detected an annual genetic progress in grain yield (GY) of 18kg ha-1 (0.34%), which did not rely on agronomic input. The progress was primarily associated with increased number of grains per spike and area. New varieties in Norway can also take advantage of the changing climate (earlier spring) by extending their vegetative periods by three days on average. Genome-wide association analysis on a diverse panel of over 300 lines could not fully explain the genetic progress in GY. However, it discovered several significant loci associated with GY and other traits. Validation of these loci using recent breeding lines confirmed their effects and showed potential for using them in marker-assisted selection. Two loci, representing the Ta-Col5 and Ta-GS5-3A genes (associated with spike architecture and kernel size), showed a change in allele frequency over the last 100 years, indicating possible historical selection pressure. We investigated the prospects of accelerating genetic gains using multispectral drone imaging data for standalone GY prediction and augmenting genomic selection models. The multispectral data allows for GY prediction with accuracy comparable to genomic data, and models using both genomic and phenomic variates appeared superior. We discussed the biological rationale behind this GY prediction and its practical aspects. This work provides insight into historical changes in GY and other traits in Norwegian spring wheat, and describes a semi-novel way of using phenomic data for GY prediction and augmenting GP to accelerate genetic gains in GY.publishedVersio

PLATONO POLITINIŲ IDĖJŲ RECEPCIJA XX A. PIRMOSIOS PUSĖS LENKIJOS FILOSOFIJOJE

Straipsniu siekiama parodyti, kad Lenkijos mokslininkų požiūris į Platono politines idėjas priklausė nuo politinės situacijos Lenkijoje ir Europoje. Apžvelgiami trijų laikotarpių tekstai. Prieš Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą vyravo entuziazmas Platono politinių idėjų atžvilgiu. Tarpukariu entuziazmas išblėso ir utopinis Valstybės projektas buvo laikomas neįgyvendinamu. Po Antrojo pasaulinio karo Platono projektą neigiamai vertino tiek totalitarizmo ir komunizmo kritikai, tiek marksistai. Pirmieji komunizmą manė esant Platono idėjų realizaciją, o antrieji Platoną laikė demokratinės sitemos priešu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Platonas, Valstybė, Platono recepcija, Lenkijos filosofija.On the Reception of Plato’s Political Ideas in Polish Philosophy of the First Half of the Twentieth CenturyTomasz Mroz SummaryThe main purpose of this paper is to prove that the attitude towards Plato’s political ideas among Polish scholars depended on political situation of Poland and Europe. Selected works of three periods are under examination. Before the World War I the enthusiasm towards Plato’s political ideas prevailed. In the interwar period the enthusiasm waned and the utopian project of the Republic was considered as impossible to be carried out. After the World War II Plato’s project was negatively evaluated by the opponents of the totalitarianism and communism as well as by the Marxist philosophers. The former considered communism to be a fulfillment of Plato’s ideas, the latter thought of Plato as an enemy of the democratic system.Key words: Plato, Politeia, Plato reception, Polish philosophy

Molecular insight into somaclonal variation phenomena from transcriptome profiling of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) lines

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Challenges in Stratifying the Molecular Variability of Patient-Derived Colon Tumor Xenografts

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in Europe and a leading cause of death worldwide. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models maintain complex intratumoral biology and heterogeneity and therefore remain the platform of choice for translational drug discovery. In this study, we implanted 37 primary CRC tumors and five CRC cell lines into NU/J mice to develop xenograft models. Primary tumors and established xenografts were histologically assessed and surveyed for genetic variants and gene expression using a panel of 409 cancer-related genes and RNA-seq, respectively. More than half of CRC tumors (20 out of 37, 54%) developed into a PDX. Histological assessment confirmed that PDX grading, stromal components, inflammation, and budding were consistent with those of the primary tumors. DNA sequencing identified an average of 0.14 variants per gene per sample. The percentage of mutated variants in PDXs increased with successive passages, indicating a decrease in clonal heterogeneity. Gene Ontology analyses of 4180 differentially expressed transcripts (adj. p value < 0.05) revealed overrepresentation of genes involved in cell division and catabolic processes among the transcripts upregulated in PDXs; downregulated transcripts were associated with GO terms related to extracellular matrix organization, immune responses, and angiogenesis. Neither a transcriptome-based consensus molecular subtype (CMS) classifier nor three other predictors reliably matched PDX molecular subtypes with those of the primary tumors. In sum, both genetic and transcriptomic profiles differed between donor tumors and PDXs, likely as a consequence of subclonal evolution at the early phase of xenograft development, making molecular stratification of PDXs challenging