THE EFFECT OF TREATED WASTE WATER (TWW) ON THE RHIZOSPHERE MICROBIOMES AND THEIR IMPACT ON ARUGULA

Qatar needs to achieve water and food security in an arid climate and maintain its fossil-fuel energy exporting status. Treated wastewater (TWW) can be an alternative source for vegetable crops irrigation in Qatar; however, no studies have been undertaken in Qatar to study the effect of local TWW on vegetable irrigation and soil microbiome. Arugula (Eruca sativa) was chosen for this study due to its economic importance and profitability, fast maturation, and growing popularity as a salad green. A pinch of Arugula seeds were sprinkled uniformly in pots containing different soil mixtures (natural soil, peatmoss, sterilized peatmoss, and mixed soils), placed on counters inside of the Qatar University greenhouse at 25°C, with 10 hrs daylight, 14 hrs dark for 41 days. The plant samples were watered with either tap water (FW) or TWW throughout the study period. At days 0, 21, and 41, soil samples were analyzed for cations, anions, trace metals, total N, C, H, and S as well as for microbial growth. Arugula seeds failed to germinate in natural soil and mixed soils due to high salinity in natural soil, making it unsuitable for agricultural purposes. The Microfauna in both natural soil and peatmoss exhibited changes in structure and abundance after irrigation with either FW or TWW. Changes in structure and abundance were due to time of sampling, soil type, competition and interaction between the different microbiota naturally present in the soil. Results also showed a significant positive correlation in soil between aerobic mesophilic bacteria and plant growth (p=0.0255). The growth of Pseudomonas spp, the Streptococcus spp., and nitrogen-fixing bacteria was significantly (p≤0.05) different in soil samples treated with TWW compared to FW. Total coliform counts were not significantly impacted by soil type, water regimen, or time (p=0.0845). Further research should be undertaken to isolate and identify different species cultured and look into their activity to discern whether the TWW application improves the soil health by increasing the beneficial strains or increases the pathogenic ones. Microbial soil activity is another field that could also be investigated and its changes according to the irrigation method as another indicator of soil health

Routing in Networks Using Genetic Algorithm

With the increase in traffic, internet service providers are trying their best to provide maximum utilization of resources available. The current traffic load has to be taken into account for computation of paths in routing protocols. Network applications; require the shortest paths to be used for communication purposes. Addressing the selection of path, from a known source to destination is the basic aim of this paper. This paper proposes a method of calculating the shortest path for a network using a combination of Open shortest path first and Genetic Algorithm (OSGA). Genetic Algorithm is used in this paper for optimization of routing. It helps in enhancing the performance of the routers

Rangkap Jabatan Presiden sebagai Ketua Partai Politik dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia

Dual position of president as the head of a political party is the practice ofgovernance that has existed since the early days of Indonesian independence.President prohibition setting for concurrent positions in any public office has actuallybeen set explicitly in the constitution of RIS and the Provisional Constitution 1950.But such arrangements are no longer contained in the application of the Consitution1945. Government system Indonesian is now a presidential system. If the presidentdoubled as head political party, that would result in the instability goverment. Besidesee where political parties are dysfunctional resulting in worsening theimplementation of the wheels of government and no longer in accordance with thegeneral principles of good governance. So that the necessary rules for the presidentialban concurrently. Therefore required political study of law by law makers toduplicate the legal establishment of the post the president who poured into the law

A viral CTL escape mutation leading to immunoglobulin-like transcript 4-mediated functional inhibition of myelomonocytic cells

Viral mutational escape can reduce or abrogate recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. However, very little is known about the impact of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope mutations on interactions between peptide–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I complexes and MHC class I receptors expressed on other cell types. Here, we analyzed a variant of the immunodominant human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B2705–restricted HIV-1 Gag KK10 epitope (KRWIILGLNK) with an L to M amino acid substitution at position 6 (L6M), which arises as a CTL escape variant after primary infection but is sufficiently immunogenic to elicit a secondary, de novo HIV-1–specific CD8+ T cell response with an alternative TCR repertoire in chronic infection. In addition to altering recognition by HIV-1–specific CD8+ T cells, the HLA-B2705–KK10 L6M complex also exhibits substantially increased binding to the immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) receptor 4, an inhibitory MHC class I–specific receptor expressed on myelomonocytic cells. Binding of the B2705–KK10 L6M complex to ILT4 leads to a tolerogenic phenotype of myelomonocytic cells with lower surface expression of dendritic cell (DC) maturation markers and co-stimulatory molecules. These data suggest a link between CTL-driven mutational escape, altered recognition by innate MHC class I receptors on myelomonocytic cells, and functional impairment of DCs, and thus provide important new insight into biological consequences of viral sequence diversificatio

The Effectiveness of Teaching and Evaluating A written Expression Using A package of Modern Digital Applications in Developing the Written Expression Skills of Tenth-Grade Students

ملخص: هدفت الدراسة إلى التحقق من فاعلية تدريس التعبير الكتابي وتقويمه باستخدام حزمة من التطبيقات الرقمية الحديثة الداعمة لمنصة جوجل كلاس روم (Google Classroom) في تنمية مهارات التعبير الكتابي لدى طلبة الصف العاشر، وقد شمل مجتمع الدراسة جميع طلبة الصف العاشر الأساسي في المدارس الحكومية بسلطنة عمان خلال العام الدراسي 2020/2021، البالغ عددهم (49042) طالبًا وطالبةً موزعين على مدارس السلطنة؛ حيث تكونت العينة من (124) طالبًا وطالبةً ( 62 من الذكور و62 من الإناث)، اختيروا من  أربع (4) مدارس بطريقة قصدية (مدرستين للذكور ومدرستين للإناث)، واعتمدت الدراسة الحالية على المنهج التجريبي ذي التصميم شبه التجريبي ذي المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة؛ إذ اتُّبعت في المجموعة التجريبية الاستراتيجية المقترحة لتدريس التعبير وتقويمه، وأما المجموعة الضابطة فقد سار تدريس وتقويم التعبير الكتابي فيها وفق الطريقة التقليدية. وتوصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى ارتفاع متوسط درجات المجموعة التجريبية مقارنة بمتوسط المجموعة الضابطة في التطبيق للاختبار البعدي لمهارات التعبير الكتابي في المهارات الرئيسة الثلاث (المضمون، واللغة والأسلوب، والشكل والتنظيم)، وأظهرت النتائج وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى(0.05≥α) بين متوسطي درجات المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في التطبيق للاختبار البعدي لمهارات التعبير الكتابي يعزى إلى طريقة التدريس. كما أوضحت نتائج الدراسة عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين طلبة الصف العاشر الأساسي في مستوى كل من مهارتي المضمون واللغة والأسلوب تعزى إلى الجنس، كذلك أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين طلبة الصف العاشر الأساسي في مستوى مهارة الشكل والتنظيم تعزى إلى الجنس ولصالح الإناث. وكشفت النتائج عن عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين طلبة الصف العاشر الأساسي في مستوى مهارات التعبير الكتابي مجتمعة معا يعزى إلى التفاعل بين طريقة التدريس والجنس. وأوضحت نتائج تحليل التباين الثنائي وجود فرق ذي دلالة إحصائية بين طلبة الصف العاشر الأساسي في مستوى مهارات التعبير الكتابي مجتمعة يعزى إلى طريقة التدريس والجنس.Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of teaching and evaluating written expression using a package of modern digital applications that support the Google Classroom platform to develop the writing skills of students in tenth grade.The study included all tenth-grade students in government schools in the Sultanate of Oman during the academic year 2020/2021, totaling 49,042 male and female students distributed among schools in the country. The sample consisted of 124 male and female students, 62 males and 62 females selected purposively from four schools (two schools for males and two for females). The current study followed the experimental method with a quasi-experimental design consisting of two experimental and control groups. The experimental group was taught and evaluated using the proposed strategy for teaching and evaluating written expression, while the control group was taught and evaluated using the traditional method. The results of the study showed a statistically significant increase in the average scores of the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-application test of the written expression skills in the three primary skills (content, language and style, and form and organization), and the results showed that there are statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05≥α) between the average scores of the experimental and control groups in the application of the post-test of written expression skills attributed to the teaching method. The results of the study also showed that there were no statistically significant differences between tenth grade students in the level of "content and language & style" skills attributed to gender, while the results showed that there were statistically significant differences among tenth grade students in the level of "form and organization" skill attributed to gender and in favor of females. Furthermore, the results revealed no statistically significant differences among tenth-grade students in the overall level of writing expression skills, attributed to the interaction between the teaching method and gender. However, the results of the Two-way analysis of variance indicated statistically significant differences in the performance of tenth-grade students in overall skills, attributed to both gender and teaching method

A key role for peroxynitrite-mediated inhibition of cardiac ERG (Kv11.1) K+ channels in carbon monoxide–induced proarrhythmic early afterdepolarizations

Exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) causes early afterdepolarization arrhythmias. Previous studies in rats indicated arrhythmias arose due to augmentation of the late Na+ current. The purpose of the present study was to examine the basis of CO-induced arrhythmias in guinea pig myocytes in which action potentials more closely resemble those of human myocytes. Whole-cell current- and voltage-clamp recordings were made from isolated guinea pig myocytes and also from HEK293 cells expressing wild-type or a C723S mutant form of Kv11.1 (ERG). We also monitored formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in HEK293 cells fluorimetrically. CO, applied as the CO releasing molecule, CORM-2, prolonged action potentials and induced early after-depolarizations (EADs) in guinea pig myocytes. In HEK293 cells CO inhibited wild-type but not C723S mutant Kv11.1 K+ currents. Inhibition was prevented by an antioxidant, mitochondrial inhibitors or inhibition of nitric oxide formation. CO also raised ONOO- levels, an effect reversed by the ONOO- scavenger, FeTPPS which also prevented CO inhibition of Kv11.1 currents, and abolished the effects of CO on Kv11.1 tail currents and action potentials in guinea pig myocytes. Our data suggest that CO induces arrhythmias in guinea pig cardiac myocytes via ONOO--mediated inhibition of Kv11.1 K+ channel

A case of probable esomeprazole-induced transient liver injury in a pregnant woman with hyperemesis.

We report a case of 22-year-old primigravida presented to Women's Hospital - Hamad Medical Corporation emergency with severe epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. On admission, she was dehydrated with remarkably worsening symptoms. Laboratory findings revealed significantly elevated liver enzymes with unknown etiology. Her past medical history showed an admission for nausea and vomiting 3 weeks previously and she was discharged on antiemetics, and esomeprazole for the first time. Due to the predominantly elevated liver enzymes, the clinical pharmacist discussed the possibility of esomeprazole-induced adverse effects and suggested to suspend esomeprazole based on the evidence from literature review. The liver enzymes showed a substantial improvement within days after the discontinuation of the drug; however, a rechallenge was not done since it could have adversely affected the mother or the fetus. Using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability scales, the adverse reaction due to esomeprazole was classified as 'probably'

Revisiting the Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Omani Children: A multicentre study

Objectives: This study aimed to provide an updated estimate of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among Omani children. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted from December 2011 to December 2018. Data were retrieved from the three main autism diagnostic centres in Oman: Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Royal Hospital and Al-Massarah Hospital. The ASD diagnosis was made by experienced clinicians based on the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The overall population prevalence estimates per 10,000 children aged 0–14 years old in Oman were calculated using the denominator of the mid-period population data. Results: A total of 1,705 ASD cases were identified with the majority of cases being male (78.1%). The overall prevalence rate of ASD was estimated at 20.35 per 10,000 children (95% confidence interval: 19.39–21.32) between 2012–2018. Boys were found to have a 3.4-fold higher prevalence of ASD than girls (31.23/10,000 versus 9.07/10,000). Regionally, the majority of cases were found in the capital, Muscat, where the highest prevalence was 36.51 cases per 10,000 children. Conclusion: The prevalence of ASD among Omani children is 15-fold higher than estimates from 2011. This increase can be attributed to improvements in diagnostic services, increased awareness of ASD, better screening programmes and changes in diagnostic criteria. In addition, this increase in prevalence suggests a need for a registry of developmental disabilities and more extensive diagnostic and rehabilitation services in Oman.Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Epidemiology; Prevalence; Oman