Timoma em cão. Relato de caso

Uma cadela, Dachshund, quatro anos, foi encaminhada ao H.V. da FMVZ-UNESP-Botucatu-SP com histórico de prostração, emagrecimento progressivo, anorexia, cansaço e tosse seca. Ao exame clínico observou-se apatia, secreção nasal serosa bilateral e dispnéia intensa. Radiografia torácica demonstrou efusão pleural, edema pulmonar acentuado, desvio dorsal da traquéia e possível massa mediastinal. A ultra-sonografia, após drenagem torácica, confirmou a presença de massa mediastinal, sendo classificada como neoplasia maligna de origem epitelial pela citologia aspirativa por agulha fina. O animal veio a óbito logo após o diagnóstico de neoplasia. À necropsia constatou-se massa mediastinal encapsulada, consistência macia e superfície de corte com coloração branco-acinzentada e áreas necrótico-hemorrágicas, localizada na região ântero-ventral do tórax. O exame histopatológico demonstrou células epiteliais neoplásicas, células linfóides (timócitos) com morfologia normal, vasos sangüíneos de pequeno e médio calibre, formações císticas com conteúdo eosinofílico e corpúsculos de Hassall. A imunohistoquímica apresentou positividade para citoqueratina AE1/AE3 e UCHL, confirmando o diagnóstico de timoma.A four years old Dachshund female dog was guided to the Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ-UNESP-Botucatu-SP with history of prostration, progressive weigh loss, anorexia, fatigue and drought coughs. Apathy, serous bilateral nasal discharge, intense dyspneia and lung edema were observed in the clinical exam. Thoracic X-ray showed pleural effusion and dorsal deviation of trachea and the presence of a mediastinal mass. The ultrasonography, after thoracic drainage and fine needle aspiration cytology, confirmed the presence of mediastinal mass classified as malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin. The animal died soon after the exams due to its bad clinical conditions. At necropsy mediastinal mass was located in the antero-ventral area of the thorax. It was encapsulated, with soft consistency and gray coloration with hemorragic and necrotic areas in the cut surface. The histopathology demonstrated neoplastic epithelial cells, lymphoid cells (thymocytes) with normal morphology, blood vessels of small and medium caliber, cystic formations with eosinophilic contents and Hassall corpuscles. The immunohistochemistry reaction was positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and UCHL, confirming the thymoma diagnosis

Pulmonar Granular Cell Tumor in a Horse

Background: The occurrence of neoplasms in horses is relatively low. Granular cell tumor is a seldom diagnosed neoplasm, usually benign, of mesenchymal origin. Controversies exist regarding its origin, which is possibly from Schwann cells or cells with neuroendocrine differentiation. Despite being one of the main primary neoplasms in the lungs of horses, the number of cases is low in comparison to that of secondary lung tumors. Thus, this study proposes to report the anatomopathological aspects in a horse with granular cell tumor of primary pulmonary origin. Case: An 11-year-old female Quarter Horse breed underwent exploratory right lateral thoracotomy after presenting with chronic respiratory changes. During the operation, tumor masses were found in the right and left caudal pulmonary lobes. Due to the severity of clinical respiratory signs and the extent of the lesions, the animal was subjected to euthanasia and anatomopathological examination. Upon necroscopic examination, a tumor mass was found in the middle third of the left caudal lobe, rounded to flattened, measuring 10.0 × 8.0 cm in height and length, white in color, of firm consistency, smooth and regular surface and rising to the lung surface. When sectioned, the mass showed to be composed of multiple firm and dense circular lobes, separated by a thin layer of connective tissue. The tumor invaded the lumen of nearby segmental and subsegmental bronchi, which were partially or totally obstructed by the mass. In the right lung, multiple similar nodules were observed, accompanied by peritumoral hemorrhage. Histopathological analysis of the new formation revealed a dense cluster of cells that expanded over the lung parenchyma. The neoplastic cells were pleomorphic, moderately cohesive, without defined borders, with abundant cytoplasm, densely eosinophilic and finely granular. Intracytoplasmic granules were well evidenced by periodic acid Schiff staining (PAS). The cell nucleus was rounded to oval, excentric, markedly basophilic and with dense chromatin. There was moderate anisocytosis and mild anisokaryosis, with rare mitotic figures. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed positive staining for anti-vimentin and anti-S100 antibodies, confirming the diagnosis of granular cell tumor.Discussion: Granular cell tumors have no predisposition as to breed, sex or age. However, most of the described cases are reported in female horses aged around 13 years. The advanced age of the diagnosed animals may be related to late definitive diagnosis, since the clinical signs are nonspecific and treated palliatively like other respiratory diseases. Macroscopically, this tumor is more common in the multinodular form and, as observed in this case, it has a greater capacity for infiltration. Histologically, the visualization of large, polygonal cells, with a wide cytoplasm containing eosinophilic granules leads to the diagnosis of granular cell tumor. However, PAS staining and immunohistochemical tests were essential for the diagnostic conclusion in this report, confirming the presence of cytoplasmic granules and the mesenchymal and neuroectodermal origin of this neoplasm, respectively. Thus, considering the low occurrence of pulmonary granular cell tumor, the description of this case contributes to the basis of the knowledge of medical-veterinary professionals about this tumor in its clinical and diagnostic aspects.Keywords: Schwann cells, immunohistochemistry, neoplasia, lung.Descritores: células de Schwann, imuno-histoquímica, neoplasia, pulmão.Título: Tumor de células granulares pulmonar em um equino

Immunoexpression of cell cycle regulators in canine prostate with proliferative lesions

Immunostaining of p21, p27, p53, cyclin D1, c-myc was evaluated in normal canine prostate and prostate with proliferative disorders to verify the interaction between these regulators of cell cycle progression. From 106 samples of canine prostate obtained from a TMA block, 15 were considered normal, 16 diagnosed as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 30 as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), 20 as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and 25 as prostatic carcinoma (PC). There was positive correlation between p21 and p27 for number of stained cells and staining intensity in all conditions and between c-myc and p53 in prostates with PIN. Considering the number of labeled cells, there was positive correlation between p21 and p53 in the normal prostate. Relative to the intensity of staining, there was positive correlation between p21 and p53 in prostate tissue with PIN and between p27 and c-myc in prostates with PIA. A negative correlation between c-myc and cyclin D1 was also identified in the glands with PIN, considering the number of labeled cells, and between p27 and c-myc in the prostates with PC for staining intensity. In conclusion, the expression of p21, p27, p53, cyclin D1 and c-myc varies according to type of proliferative lesion in canine prostate. Taken together, the results indicate low growth potential of the canine PC in the presence of p21 and p27 overexpression, cyclin D1 low expression and regular expression of c-myc, even with the expression of p53 mutant type. Further, it was possible reaffirm the premalignant potential of PIA and PIN in canine prostate

Elucidating tumor immunosurveillance and immunoediting: a comprehensive review

The action of the immune system against neoplastic diseases has become one of the main sources of research. The biological pathways of this system are known to contribute in limiting the progression and elimination of the tumor, and are delineated by concepts and mechanisms of immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunosurveillance is considered the process by which the immune system recognizes and inhibits the neoplastic process. The concept of immunoediting arises in the sense that immune system is able to shape the antigenic profile of the tumor due to selective pressure, based on the stages of tumor elimination, balance and evasion. The immune response occurs against tumor antigens and changes in the tumor microenvironment, involving different components of the innate immune system, such as T cells, natural Killer cells, B lymphocytes and macrophages. In this sense, knowing these concepts and understanding their respective mechanisms becomes essential in the investigation of new strategies for cancer prevention and cure. Thus, this review presents historical aspects and definitions of immunosurveillance and tumor immunoediting, with emphasis on its importance and applicability, such as on the different methods used in immunotherapy. Keywords: immunocompetence; tumor immunology; immunotherapy; tumor progression; immune syste

Fibroma cutâneo atípico em uma vaca

Background: Cutaneous fibroma is a benign neoplasm affecting the fibroblasts and collagen matrix that develops in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. This neoplasm is uncommon in cattle, and few reports have described the treatment and resolution of this neoplasm. Despite its benign character, a veterinarian should consider cutaneous fibroma in the differential diagnosis of skin tumorshis report aims to describe a rare case of large fibroma in the scapular region in a cow, with emphasis on the clinical-surgical and anatomopathological aspects of the condition. Case: A 3-year-old Girolando 3/4 cow was attended to at a rural property in Lagamar-MG, Brazil. According to the owner, the animal presented with a small mass in the right scapular region that grew progressively over 1 year and 6 months. Clinical examination revealed an exuberant and painless increase in volume on palpation in the proximal region of the right thoracic limb, which, in its vertical axis, extended from the proximal end of the scapula to near the olecranon tuberosity, and, in its horizontal axis, extended from the 6th intercostal space to the scapulohumeral joint, reaching the dimensions 66 cm and 62 cm, respectively. It presented with multiple nodules that were firm in consistency with extensive areas of ulceration. Neoplasia was suspected, and surgical excision was decided upon. The cow was sedated and restrained in the left lateral decubitus position. Trichotomy and antisepsis of the operative field were performed followed by an infiltrative anesthetic block around the tumor. The tumor was excised maintaining a safety margin of 1 cm. Dermorrhaphy was not possible, and healing by secondary intention was awaited. In the postoperative period, antibiotic therapy with benzathine penicillin, analgesia with meloxicam and dipyrone and daily dressing of the wound were performed. There were no postoperative complications and complete healing occurred approximately 100 days after surgery. One year after the surgical procedure, the owner reported that the cow did not present with recurrence of the neoplasm. The resected tumor weighed 11.2 kg, and, when cut, presented with solid conformation and whitish coloration. Tumor fragments were harvested, fixed in 10% formalin, and sent for histopathological examination, which revealed neoproliferation of remarkable cellular density composed of dense, well vascularized fibrocollagenous connective tissue arranged in multidirectional bundles and undulating pattern. Mild cellular pleomorphism was identified, and no mitosis figures were observed. Alcian blue staining was negative for mucopolysaccharides, differing from Masson's trichrome staining, which widely stained the fibrocollagenous tissue blue. In view of these findings, the diagnosis of cutaneous fibroma was confirmed. Discussion: Cutaneous fibromas are benign neoplasms of fibrous tissue, and they are uncommon in cattle and may be associated with bovine papillomavirus and/or trauma. Although the origin of cutaneous fibroma is not clear, the present report stands out due to the large size of the tumor mass. The complete healing of the surgical wound, the absence of recurrence one year after surgery and the return of the animal to dairy production demonstrate that the surgical treatment was adequate. The macro- and microscopic characteristics of the cutaneous fibroma in this case corroborate with other cases reported in the literature. Large cutaneous fibroma is uncommon in bovines, and may hinder surgical excision and prolong healing time, as well as the complete recovery of the animal. Moreover, the differential diagnosis with other neoplasms of fibroblastic origin is relevant, especially for those with malignant biological behavior, such as fibrosarcoma and myxosarcoma. Keywords: bovine, cutaneous tumor, fibroblasts, fibroblastic neoplasm, surgery. Título: Fibromacutâneo atípico em uma vaca Descritores: bovino, cirurgia, fibroblastos, neoplasia fibroblástica, tumor cutâneo.Background: O fibroma cutâneo é uma neoplasia benigna formada por fibroblastos e matriz colágena, que se desenvolve na derme ou subcutâneo. Essa neoplasia é incomum em bovinos e raros relatos descreveram o tratamento e a resolução do caso. Apesar de seu caráter benigno, o médico veterinário deve considerar o fibroma cutâneo no diagnóstico diferencial de tumores de pele. Este relato tem por objetivo descrever um caso incomum de fibroma de grandes dimensões, na região escapular de uma vaca, com ênfase aos aspectos clínico-cirúrgicos e anatomopatológicos. Case: Foi atendida em uma propriedade rural no município de Lagamar-MG, Brasil, uma vaca Girolando 3/4, de três anos de idade. Segundo o proprietário, o animal apresentou uma pequena neoformação na região escapular direita, que cresceu progressivamente ao longo de um ano e seis meses. Ao exame clínico, constatou-se aumento de volume exuberante e indolor à palpação na região proximal do membro torácico direito que, em seu eixo vertical, se estendia da extremidade proximal da escápula até próximo à tuberosidade do olécrano e, em seu eixo horizontal se estendia do 6º espaço intercostal até a articulação escápulo-umeral, alcançando as dimensões 66×62 cm, respectivamente. Apresentava multinodulação, consistência firme e extensas áreas de ulceração. Suspeitou-se de neoplasia e optou-se pela exérese cirúrgica. A vaca foi sedada e contida em decúbito lateral esquerdo. Foi realizada tricotomia e antissepsia do campo operatório e, em seguida, bloqueio anestésico infiltrativo ao redor do tumor. Efetuou-se a exérese do tumor mantendo margem de segurança de 1 cm. Não foi possível realizar a dermorrafia e aguardou-se a cicatrização por segunda intenção. No pós-operatório, realizaram-se antibioticoterapia com penicilina benzatina, analgesia com meloxicam e dipirona e curativos diários da ferida. Não houve complicações pós-operatórias e a cicatrização completa ocorreu aproximadamente 100 dias após a cirurgia. Um ano após o procedimento cirúrgico, o proprietário informou que a vaca não apresentava recidiva da neoplasia. O tumor removido pesava 11,2 Kg e, ao corte, apresentava conformação sólida e coloração brancacenta. Fragmentos tumorais foram colhidos, fixados com formalina a 10% e encaminhados para exame histopatológico que revelou neoproliferação de marcante densidade celular, composta por denso tecido conjuntivo fibrocolagenoso bem vascularizado, disposto em feixes multidirecionais e padrão ondular. Identificou-se discreto pleomorfismo celular e não foram observadas figuras de mitose. A coloração Alcian Blue foi negativa para a identificação de mucopolissacarídeos, diferentemente do observado ao Tricômico de Masson, em que o tecido fibrocolagenoso foi amplamente corado em azul. Diante dos achados, estabeleceu-se o diagnóstico de fibroma cutâneo. Discussion: Fibromas cutâneos são neoplasias benignas de tecido fibroso, que são incomuns em bovinos e podem estar associadas ao papilomavírus bovino e/ou a traumatismos. Embora a origem do fibroma cutâneo não tenha sido identificada, o presente relato se destaca pela grande dimensão da massa tumoral. A completa cicatrização da ferida cirúrgica, a ausência de recidiva após um ano da cirurgia e o retorno do animal à produção leiteira demonstram que o tratamento cirúrgico foi adequado. As características macro e microscópicas do fibroma cutâneo deste caso corroboram outros casos encontrados na literatura. O fibroma cutâneo de grandes dimensões em bovinos é incomum, podendo dificultar a exérese cirúrgica e prolongar o tempo de cicatrização, assim como a completa recuperação do animal. Ainda, é relevante o diagnóstico diferencial com outras neoplasias de origem fibroblástica, especialmente as de comportamento biológico maligno, como fibrossarcoma e mixossarcoma

Primary Splenic Pleomorphic Liposarcoma in a Bitch

Background: Liposarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of lipoblasts with low incidence in dogs, representing 1.7% of neoplasms diagnosed in the spleen. In veterinary medicine, this neoplasm is classified morphologically into the myxoid, well-differentiated, undifferentiated and pleomorphic subtypes, the latter being one of the most aggressive forms, mainly in cavity organs. This study reports a case of primary splenic pleomorphic liposarcoma in a female dog, addressing anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects.Case: A 14-year-old, 35 kg female mongrel canine with a history of absence of defecation, progressive weight loss, difficulty walking, sensitivity to abdominal palpation, prostration, pale mucous membranes, tachypnea and abdominal distention. The condition evolved to death and, on necroscopy, there was an increase in splenic volume with neoformation of whitish and reddish color, measuring 32 × 27 cm in its largest axes and weighing 8.9 kg. The neoformation exhibited areas of firm and soft consistency, and sectioning revealed the existence of focal areas of extensive necrosis and cavity collections of different diameters that allowed the flow of liquid serous contents with a brownish red color. Microscopy showed cells of neoplastic morphology infiltrating the splenic parenchyma, mostly with slightly acidophilic cytoplasm and few intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles, which varied in size and distribution. The nuclei of the cells were large, eccentric and irregular, with round to oval morphology, grossly lacy chromatin and single or multiple evident nucleoli. These cells exhibited marked anisocytosis, anisokaryosis and pleomorphism, with more than one mitotic figure per high magnification field visible. Moderately inflammatory infiltrate, predominantly lymphocytic, permeated the neoplastic cells, and marked depletion of lymphoid follicles and atrophy of the red pulp were found in the remaining splenic parenchyma. Immunohistochemical tests revealed marked and discrete immunostaining for anti-vimentin and anti-S100 antibodies, respectively. No staining was observed for anti-pan cytokeratin, anti-desmin, anti-alpha smooth muscle actin or anti-CD20 antibodies. Based on anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects, it was concluded to be a splenic pleomorphic liposarcoma of primary origin.Discussion: the spleen is not a common anatomical site for the development of liposarcoma, a neoplasm whose origin remains unclear. Similar to what occurs in humans, liposarcoma is believed to develop from the adipose tissue of the splenic hilum. Thus, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis of invasive abdominal tumors. For the identification and classification of liposarcoma as a pleomorphic subtype, we considered mainly histological findings such as marked cell atypia and intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles, which may or may not be present in neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemical examination favored the diagnosis of liposarcoma, regardless of the subtype, due to the marked immunostaining for the anti-vimentin antibody, unlike immunostaining for the anti-S100 antibody, for which it was variable. This fact is related to adipocyte differentiation, where lower amounts of intracytoplasmic lipids translate into lower immunostaining intensity for anti-S100. Histological and immunostaining aspects should be regarded with caution in the diagnosis of pleomorphic liposarcoma, as it is a distinct neoplastic entity, with a complex karyotype and without correlation with the other subtypes

Prevalência de infecções pelos vírus das hepatites B e C em uma população de usuários de drogas de Anápolis, Goiás

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência das hepatites B e C em usuários de drogas que se encontravam em tratamento em sete centros de reabilitação da cidade de Anápolis, GO. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal e quantitativo, com aplicação de questionário e realização de testes rápidos. Resultados: Foram estudados 144 internos, todos do sexo masculino, com idade média de 37,4 anos. Constataram-se quatro casos de soropositividade para hepatite C (2,8%)e nenhum para hepatite B. Observou-se relação significativa (p<0,05) entre hepatite C e a variável “usou cachimbo, lata ou copo para fumar crack e/ou similares”; o mesmo não ocorreu com as variáveis “usar drogas injetáveis”, “ser preso”, “ter relações sexuais com parceiros fixos/eventual”, “receber dinheiro ou droga em troca de sexo” e “ter relação sexual com parceiro do mesmo sexo”. Conclusões: Conclui-se ser relevante estimar a prevalência da hepatite B e C em uma população de usuários drogas de Anápolis, GO, a fim de estabelecer políticas públicas de prevenção, controle e tratamento a essa população de risco

Morphological patterns and malignancy criteria of transmissible venereal tumor in cytopathological and histopathological exams

The aim of this study was to identify morphological patterns and malignancy criteria of the TVT in cytopathological and histopathological evaluations and relate these characteristics to clinical evolution and response to chemotherapy. Regarding studied animals, sixteen dogs were female and four were male. The age of the animals ranged between one and ten years old. Considering breed, 80% of the dogs were mongrel dogs and 20% were of other breeds. It was found that the cytological samples allowed a better characterization of the cell type than histological ones. The plasmacytoid was the most common morphological type of TVT, followed by the lymphocytoid and mixed standards. There was no difference among the scores for the malignancy criteria and morphological types of TVT. Regarding response to chemotherapy, no morphological type of the TVT showed any difference, but the TVT presents morphological peculiarities that may interfere with tumor behavior, especially those related to increased aggressiveness and that are observed in the plasmacytoid TVT.Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar os padrões morfológicos e os critérios de malignidade do TVT aos exames citológico e histopatológico e relacionar essas características à evolução clínica e à resposta à quimioterapia. Dos animais estudados, dezesseis cães eram fêmeas e quatro machos. A idade dos animais variou entre um e dez anos de idade. Quanto à raça, 80% dos cães eram sem raça definida e 20% de outras raças. Constatou-se que as amostras citológicas permitiram melhor caracterização do tipo celular do que as histológicas. O TVT tipo plasmocitoide foi o de maior ocorrência, seguido pelos padrões linfocitoide e misto. Não houve diferença entre os escores estabelecidos para os critérios de malignidade e os tipos do TVT. Nenhum tipo morfológico do TVT diferiu quanto à resposta quimioterápica, mas o TVT apresenta particularidades morfológicas que podem interferir no comportamento tumoral, especialmente aquelas relacionadas à maior agressividade, e que são observadas no TVT plasmocitoide

Anatomomopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of the spleen and lymph node of dogs seropositives for leishmaniasis in serological tests

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan of the species Leishmania infantum. The spleen and lymph nodes undergo morphological changes during CanL. This research aimed to perform an anatomopathological and immunohistochemical study of these organs in dogs reactive to leishmaniasis in the Dual-path Platform chromatographic immunoassay (DPP®) and Enzyme Immunoabsorption Assay (ELISA). Twenty-seven dogs were evaluated for anatomopathological examination with 92.6% having clinical signs. Splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly were the main macroscopic changes. All dogs showed changes in the spleen, unrelated to the parasitic load, with granulomatous splenitis being the most severe change. Diffuse cortical and paracortical hyperplasia and spinal cord hyperplasia and hypertrophy were observed in the lymph nodes. Amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. were found in the spleen and lymph node during histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations, with good agreement between these evaluations (k = 0.55, p = 0.00124), but no difference was observed in the parasitic intensity of these organs (p = 0.23) . Thus, the spleen and lymph node reactive to leishmaniasis on the DPP® and ELISA tests show histomorphological changes resulting from the disease. In addition, the spleen and lymph node have a parasitic load similar to those found by direct diagnostic methods