Type II Diabetes and its Treatment

Approximately 28.9 million Americans have been diagnosed with type II diabetes (Jia-Haur Hu, Lin, Miller, Nguyen, & Nguyen, 2014). It is a disease that can cause or potentiate numerous comorbidities that negatively affects multiple body systems if left untreated (Jia-Haur Hu, et al., 2014). In 2012, the total estimated cost for treatment of type II diabetes in America was an astronomical $245 billion (Jia-Haur Hu, et al., 2014). Type II diabetes is a result of many cellular processes that lead to insulin resistance resulting in increased blood glucose levels (Jia-Haur Hu, et al., 2014). Treatments for type II diabetes include several different classifications of oral hypoglycemic medications, insulin injections, exercise, and a modified diet (Jia-Haur Hu, et al., 2014). With the number of Americans being diagnosed with type II diabetes on the rise, a strong understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and its treatments cannot be disregarded

The New Jersey margin scientific drillig project (IODP Expedition 313): Unstangling the record of global and local sea-level changes

the Expedition 313 Science PartyInternational audienceMuch of the world is currently experiencing shorelineretreat due to global sea level rising at the rate of 3–4 mm yr -1.This rate will likely increase and result in a net rise to roughly1 m above present sea-level by the year 2100 (e.g., Rahmstorf,2007; Solomon et al., 2007), with significant consequencesfor coastal populations, infrastructures, and ecosystems.Preparing for this future scenario calls for careful study ofpast changes in sea level and a solid understanding ofprocesses that govern the shoreline response to thesechanges. One of the best ways to assemble this knowledge isto examine the geologic records of previous global sea-levelchanges. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP)Expedition 313 set out to do this by recovering a record ofglobal and local sea-level change in sediments depositedalong the coast of eastern North America during the Icehouseworld of the past 35 m.y. What we learn from this record—thefactors driving sea-level changes, and the impact of thischange on nearshore environments—will help us understandwhat lies ahead in a warming world

Technical Comments: Sea Level History

Bilal U. Haq and his co-workers have completed an important update of the chronology of coastal onlap and eustatic fluctuations in Mesowic and Cenowic time. Seismic stratigraphic results are augmented in the new charts by outcrop and well-log studies to document an impressive total of 119 sea level cycles since the beginning of the Triassic. In addition, the Cretaceous results have been published officially for the first time. However, apart from distinguishing between relative changes of coastal onlap and eustasy, the methodology and assumptions are much the same as those used to construct the first version of the "sea level curve" in 1977. In a recent evaluation of the seismic stratigraphic record of sea level change, we drew attention to two problems in particular. 1) All of the observed depositional cycles are assumed by Haq et al. to be eustatic. 2) The global onlap chart, which forms the basis for the smoothed eustatic curve, has little physical meaning

Utilizing the R/V Marcus G. Langseth’s streamer to measure the acoustic radiation of its seismic source in the shallow waters of New Jersey’s continental shelf

Shallow water marine seismic surveys are necessary to understand a range of Earth processes in coastal environments, including those that represent major hazards to society such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and sea-level rise. Predicting the acoustic radiation of seismic sources in shallow water, which is required for compliance with regulations designed to limit impacts on protected marine species, is a significant challenge in this environment because of variable reflectivity due to local geology, and the susceptibility of relatively small bathymetric features to focus or shadow acoustic energy. We use data from the R/V Marcus G. Langseth’s towed hydrophone streamer to estimate the acoustic radiation of the ship’s seismic source during a large survey of the shallow shelf off the coast of New Jersey. We use the results to estimate the distances from the source to acoustic levels of regulatory significance, and use bathymetric data from the ship’s multibeam system to explore the relationships between seafloor depth and slope and the measured acoustic radiation patterns. We demonstrate that existing models significantly overestimate mitigation radii, but that the variability of received levels in shallow water suggest that in situ real-time measurements would help improve these estimates, and that post-cruise revisions of received levels are valuable in accurately determining the potential acoustic impact of a seismic survey

Reconstruction of Tertiary Progradation and Clinoform Development on the New Jersey Passive Margin by 2-D Backstripping

We have reconstructed the Oligocene to Middle Miocene paleobathymetry and stratigraphy of the New Jersey margin using a modified backstripping technique. By analyzing the geometry of the margin through time, we investigate its response to fluctuating sea level, changing climate, and variable sediment supply during the Tertiary. The reconstructions reveal a change in the margin morphology from a more steeply dipping (1 : 300 to 1 : 500) carbonate ramp in the Eocene to a flatter shelf with a sharp shelf edge at present. This was accomplished by an increase in the terrigenous sediment supply that filled available accommodation and caused progradation across the margin. We link the increase in sediment flux with climatic cooling rather than tectonic processes. The progradation is evidenced by a series of clinoforms whose formation was modulated by sea level and which extend over 100 km across the shelf. The height and dip of the clinoforms increased as they extended onto the deeper parts of the earlier ramp. The Miocene clinoform rollovers at the New Jersey margin had water depths of ∼60–130 m and are interpreted as the edge of a new continental shelf built over the older ramp. Sea-level fall was probably insufficient to drive the Miocene shorelines past the shelf breaks. Thus, measurements of sea-level amplitude based upon `coastal' onlap over the clinoforms are not reliable

Ichthyolith evidence for the age of reflector A u, Deep sea drilling project site 603

Reflector A u is extensively developed along the western margin of the North Atlantic Ocean. Evidence from ichthyoliths (fish skeletal debris) would suggest that the sediments immediately overlying the prominent hiatus are of early Miocene age

The role of premagmatic rifting in shaping a volcanic continental margin: An example from the Eastern North American Margin

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 125(11),(2020): e2020JB019576, doi:10.1029/2020JB019576.Both magmatic and tectonic processes contribute to the formation of volcanic continental margins. Such margins are thought to undergo extension across a narrow zone of lithospheric thinning (~100 km). New observations based on existing and reprocessed data from the Eastern North American Margin contradict this hypothesis. With ~64,000 km of 2‐D seismic data tied to 40 wells combined with published refraction, deep reflection, receiver function, and onshore drilling efforts, we quantified along‐strike variations in the distribution of rift structures, magmatism, crustal thickness, and early post‐rift sedimentation under the shelf of Baltimore Canyon Trough (BCT), Long Island Platform, and Georges Bank Basin (GBB). Results indicate that BCT is narrow (80–120 km) with a sharp basement hinge and few rift basins. The seaward dipping reflectors (SDR) there extend ~50 km seaward of the hinge line. In contrast, the GBB is wide (~200 km), has many syn‐rift structures, and the SDR there extend ~200 km seaward of the hinge line. Early post‐rift depocenters at the GBB coincide with thinner crust suggesting “uniform” thinning of the entire lithosphere. Models for the formation of volcanic margins do not explain the wide structure of the GBB. We argue that crustal thinning of the BCT was closely associated with late syn‐rift magmatism, whereas the broad thinning of the GBB segment predated magmatism. Correlation of these variations to crustal terranes of different compositions suggests that the inherited rheology determined the premagmatic response of the lithosphere to extension.Financial support was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Award DE‐FE‐0026087 to Battelle Memorial Institute under the “Mid‐Atlantic U.S. Offshore Carbon Storage Resource Assessment” Project.2021-04-1

The sedimentary imprint of Pleistocene glacio-eustasy: Implications for global correlations of seismic sequences

We evaluate lithofacies, chronology, and seismic sequences from the Canterbury Basin, New Zealand passive continental slope (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program [IODP] Expedition 317 Site U1352 and environs) and compare this with slope sequences from the New Jersey passive margin. Our goal is to understand continental slope sedimentation in response to glacio-eustasy and test the concepts of sequence stratigraphy. High-resolution geochemical elemental and lithostratigraphic analyses were calibrated to a chronology constructed from benthic foramininferal oxygen isotopes for the past ~1.8 m.y. We identify lithofacies successions by their unique geochemical and lithologic signature and correlate them with marine isotope stages (MIS) at Milankovitch 100 k.y. (MIS 1–12) and 41 k.y. (MIS 13–63) periods. Eight seismic sequence boundaries (U13–U19) were identified from high-resolution multichannel seismic data, providing a seismic stratigraphic framework. Except for MIS 1–5 and MIS 54–55, there are 2–16 MIS stages and a comparable number of lithofacies contained within each seismic sequence, indicating that it took one to several glacio-eustatic cycles to build each seismic stratigraphic sequence. These findings support prior results obtained by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 174A on the New Jersey continental slope. On both margins, there is a strong correlation between seismic sequences, lithofacies, and MIS, thus linking them to glacio-eustasy. However, the correlation between MIS and seismic sequences is not one-to-one, and Pleistocene seismic sequences on the two margins are not synchronous. Local conditions, including differences in sedimentation rates and creation of accommodation space, strongly influenced sediment preservation at each location, revealing that high-frequency Pleistocene seismic sequences need not correlate globally

Fabrication of large-area CCD detectors on high-purity, float-zone silicon

In this report on the fabrication of a 1024 x 1024 charge coupled device (CCD) imager to be used as a soft x-ray sensor onboard the Advanced X-ray Astronomical Facility (AXAF), the following conclusions were found: the dislocations that limited the performance of the high resistivity imager were characterized; the sources of stress were identified and the dislocations found were eliminated; and a charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) of 10(exp -6) and read noise as low as 1.3/e was demonstrated. This sensor must have low noise and a low CTI and must be radiation hardened to withstand any radiation damage from a space environment