Risk Factors Associated with Opportunistic Infections among People Living with HIV/AIDS and Receiving an Antiretroviral Therapy in Gabon, Central Africa.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is still one of the main causes of death in sub-Saharan Africa. Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) have significantly improved the health conditions of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Consequently, a significant drop in morbidity and mortality, along with a reduced incidence of opportunistic infections (OIs), has been observed. However, certain atypical and biological profiles emerge in ART patients post-examination. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors that contributed to the onset of OIs in HIV patients undergoing ART in Gabon. Epidemiological and biological data were obtained from medical records (2017 to 2019) found at the outpatient treatment centre (CTA) of Franceville in Gabon. Samples for blood count, CD4, and viral load analysis at CIRMF were collected from PLWHA suffering from other pathogen-induced conditions. A survey was carried out and data were analysed using Rstudio 4.0.2 and Excel 2007 software. Biological and socio-demographic characteristics were examined concerning OIs through both a univariate analysis via Fisher's exact tests or chi2 (χ2), and a multivariate analysis via logistic regression. Out of the 300 participants initially selected, 223 were included in the study, including 154 (69.05%) women and 69 (30.95%) men. The mean age was 40 (38.6; 41.85), with individuals ranging from 2 to 77 years old. The study cohort was classified into five age groups (2 to 12, 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, and 50 to 77 years old), among which the groups aged 30 to 39 and 40 to 49 emerged as the largest, comprising 68 (30.5%) and 75 (33.6%) participants, respectively. It was noted that 57.9% of PLWHA had developed OIs and three subgroups were distinguished, with parasitic, viral, and bacterial infections present in 18%, 39.7%, and 55.4% of cases, respectively. There was a correlation between being male and having a low CD4 T-cell count and the onset of OIs. The study revealed a high overall prevalence of OIs, and extending the study to other regions of Gabon would yield a better understanding of the risk factors associated with the onset of these infections

Two distinct STLV-1 subtypes infecting Mandrillus sphinx follow the geographic distribution of their hosts

The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) has been shown to be infected with an STLV-1 closely related to HTLV-1. Two distinct STLV-1 subtypes (D and F) infect wild mandrills with high overall prevalence (27.0%) but are different with respect to their phylogenetic relationship and parallel to the mandrills' geographic range. The clustering of these new STLV-1mnd sequences with HTLV-1 subtype D and F suggests first, past simian-tohuman transmissions in Central Africa and second, that species barriers are easier to cross over than geographic barriers

Frequent and Recent Human Acquisition of Simian Foamy Viruses Through Apes' Bites in Central Africa

Human infection by simian foamy viruses (SFV) can be acquired by persons occupationally exposed to non-human primates (NHP) or in natural settings. This study aimed at getting better knowledge on SFV transmission dynamics, risk factors for such a zoonotic infection and, searching for intra-familial dissemination and the level of peripheral blood (pro)viral loads in infected individuals. We studied 1,321 people from the general adult population (mean age 49 yrs, 640 women and 681 men) and 198 individuals, mostly men, all of whom had encountered a NHP with a resulting bite or scratch. All of these, either Pygmies (436) or Bantus (1085) live in villages in South Cameroon. A specific SFV Western blot was used and two nested PCRs (polymerase, and LTR) were done on all the positive/borderline samples by serology. In the general population, 2/1,321 (0.2%) persons were found to be infected. In the second group, 37/198 (18.6%) persons were SFV positive. They were mostly infected by apes (37/39) FV (mainly gorilla). Infection by monkey FV was less frequent (2/39). The viral origin of the amplified sequences matched with the history reported by the hunters, most of which (83%) are aged 20 to 40 years and acquired the infection during the last twenty years. The (pro)viral load in 33 individuals infected by a gorilla FV was quite low (<1 to 145 copies per 105 cells) in the peripheral blood leucocytes. Of the 30 wives and 12 children from families of FV infected persons, only one woman was seropositive in WB without subsequent viral DNA amplification. We demonstrate a high level of recent transmission of SFVs to humans in natural settings specifically following severe gorilla bites during hunting activities. The virus was found to persist over several years, with low SFV loads in infected persons. Secondary transmission remains an open question

Conference highlights of the 15th international conference on human retrovirology: HTLV and related retroviruses, 4-8 june 2011, Leuven, Gembloux, Belgium

The June 2011 15th International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV and Related Viruses marks approximately 30 years since the discovery of HTLV-1. As anticipated, a large number of abstracts were submitted and presented by scientists, new and old to the field of retrovirology, from all five continents. The aim of this review is to distribute the scientific highlights of the presentations as analysed and represented by experts in specific fields of epidemiology, clinical research, immunology, animal models, molecular and cellular biology, and virology

Infection naturelle des primates non humains par les spumavirus et transmission inter-espèces au Gabon

Les spumavirus (SV) sont des rétrovirus exogènes de la sous-famille des Spumavirinae appartenant à la famille des Retroviridae. L’infection naturelle chez les primates non humains (PNH) est décrite dans la nature et en captivité, avec 75 à 100% de singes adultes infectés. Chez les PNH, la transmission des SV se fait à travers des morsures très graves. Par ailleurs, ces virus ont été isolés chez des travailleurs de zoo, exposés aux animaux infectés dans le cadre de leur travail. Récemment, des études ont aussi montré l’infection dans le milieu naturel chez des chasseurs au Cameroun. Cependant, aucune pathologie n’a jamais pu être associée à l’infection par ces virus. Au Gabon, les infections par des SV n’ont été que très peu étudiées. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont donc :1) D’évaluer au Gabon, la prévalence des SV dans la colonie de Mandrills en captivité au centre de primatologie (CDP) du CIRMF, ainsi que dans la nature chez un grand nombre d’espèces de primates non humains ;2) De caractériser sur le plan moléculaire les souches SV circulant au Gabon ;3) D’identifier chez des personnes mordues par un PNH des cas de transmission interespèces.Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons montré que 83% (70/84) des mandrills du CDP (38 males et 46 femelles) et 60% (9/15) des mandrills sauvages étaient infectés par le SV. L’infection augmentait avec l’âge et la différence entre les males et les femelles n’était pas significative (84% et 82%, respectivement). Un fragment de 425pb de l’integrase a été amplifié dans 60/69 et 53 nouvelles séquences ont été isolées. L’analyse phylogénétique a mis en évidence la circulation de 11 souches différentes dans la colonie, toutes étroitement liées sauf une. La confirmation de ces résultats à l’aide de séquences de virus chez des mandrills sauvages démontre l’existence de deux groupes de mandrills (nord et sud) localisés de part et d’autre du fleuve Ogooué. En plus, nous avons étudié 497 échantillons de plasma et tissus prélevés chez 13 espèces simiennes dans la nature. L’analyse sérologique a montré l’infection par SV chez 10.8% (31/286). Le fragment de l’integrase a été caractérisé dans 38/497 échantillons, avec la description de nouvelles infections naturelles chez les C. solatus, C. nictitans et C. cephus. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons décrit l’infection chez 20% (4/20) des travailleurs du CDP. La caractérisation moléculaire a été faite chez deux d’entre eux: l’un a été mordu il y a 10 ans par un mandrill clairement identifié, et l’autre par un macaque 25 ans auparavant. En milieu naturel, nous avons testé 78 personnes mordues par un PNH. Au total, 19 personnes mordues (24%) étaient séropositives pour le SV. Sur ces 19 individus, 15 séquences virales ont été obtenues dont 12 de gorilles, 2 de chimpanzés et une de cercopithèque. Ces résultats montrent que les PNH du Gabon sont infectés par les SV et que la transmission inter espèces des SV intervient chez des personnes mordues par ces animaux.Foamy viruses are members of the Spumavirus genus of the Retroviridae family. These complex exogenous retroviruses are highly prevalent in several animal species, including nonhuman primates (NHP). The seroprevalence of antibodies to Simian foamy virus (SFVs) in captive adult NHP populations can reach 75-100%. SFV infection has been reported in people occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates in zoos. Recently, naturally acquired SFV infections were described in a group of hunters living in Cameroon, central Africa.In Gabon, foamy viruses are less studied. In our study, we evaluated the natural history of SFV in a free-ranging colony of mandrills (CIRMF primate center) and in mandrills living in natura in Gabon (central Africa). We also determined the SFV prevalence in a series of 497 NHP living in different parts of Gabon. Lastly, we investigated the possible transmission of SFVs to humans.First, SFV infection was determined by specific serological (Western blot) and molecular (nested PCR of the integrase region in the polymerase gene) assays. Seropositivity for SFV was found in 70/84 (83%) captive and 9/15 (60%) wild-caught mandrills. The 425-bp SFV integrase fragment was detected in peripheral blood DNA from 53 captive and 8 wild-caught mandrills.Sequence and phylogenetic studies demonstrated the presence of two distinct strains of mandrill SFV, one clade including SFVs from mandrills living in the northern part of Gabon and the second consisting of SFV from animals living in the south. Among the NHP, 10.8% (31/286) of the plasma/sera were SFV seropositive. Integrase gene was characterized in 38 samples with novel SFVs in several species of Cercopithecus.Second, the presence of SFV was also evaluated in 20 people who worked closely with mandrills and other NHP. Integrase region of 425 bp was found in 2/20 (10%) humans. One man who had been bitten 10 years earlier by a mandrill and another bitten 22 years earlier by a macaque were found to be SFV-infected, both at the Primate Centre. Comparative sequence analysis of the virus from the first man and from the mandrill showed nearly identical sequences, indicating genetic stability of SFV over time. The second man had a sequence close to SFVmac sequences. Of the 78 people, mostly hunters, who had been bitten or scratched by NHPs, 19 were SFV seropositive, with 15 cases confirmed by PCR. All but one were infected with ape SFV. We thus found novel SFV strains in NHPs in Gabon and high interspecies transmission of SFVs from gorilla bites

Photodynamic Therapy: A Prospective Therapeutic Approach for Viral Infections and Induced Neoplasia

The recent COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and arising complications during treatments have highlighted and demonstrated again the evolving ability of microorganisms, especially viral resistance to treatment as they develop into new and strong strains. The search for novel and effective treatments to counter the effects of ever-changing viruses is undergoing. Although it is an approved procedure for treating cancer, photodynamic therapy (PDT) was first used against bacteria and has now shown potential against viruses and certain induced diseases. PDT is a multi-stage process and uses photosensitizing molecules (PSs) that accumulate in diseased tissues and eradicates them after being light-activated in the presence of oxygen. In this review, studies describing viruses and their roles in disrupting cell regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways and facilitating tumorigenesis were described. With the development of innovative &ldquo;or smart&rdquo; PSs through the use of nanoparticles and two-photon excitation, among other strategies, PDT can boost immune responses, inactivate viral infections, and eradicate neoplastic cells. Visualization and monitoring of biological processes can be achieved in real-time with nanomedicines and better tissue penetration strategies. After photodynamic inactivation of viruses, signaling pathways seem to be restored but the underlying mechanisms are still to be elucidated. Light-mediated treatments are suitable to manage both oncogenic viral infections and induced neoplasia

High natural polymorphism in the gag gene cleavage sites of non-B HIV type 1 isolates from Gabon

The main goal of the present study was to determine the frequency of substitutions in the cleavage sites (CS) of gag gene among non-B HIV-1 isolates from Gabon. Fifty plasma specimens, collected in 2010-2011, from HIV-1-infected patients failing first-line antiretroviral (ARV) regimens (constituted of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors+one nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) (n = 38) and from HIV-1-infected individuals untreated with ARV (n = 12) were analyzed in the gag and gag-pol cleavage sites. Compared to HXB2 reference sequence, the total median number of substitutions in gag and gag-pol CS was 10 (range, 5-18). The cleavage site p2/NC was the most variable of the four gag CS with 100% (50/50) isolates carrying at least 1 substitution (range, 1-9). The two gag-pol TFP/p6(pol) and p6(pol)/PR CS sites were also highly variable (at least one substitution, 50/50, 100% in both cases). Substitutions at position G381 (p2/NC), L449 (p1/p6(gag)), and K444 (TFP/p6(pol)) were significantly more frequent in CRF02_AG strains, compared to other non-B strains (30.4% vs. 3.7%, p = 0.03; 87.0% vs. 59.3%, p = 0.03; and 91.3% vs. 59.3%, p = 0.01, respectively). Other non-B subtypes were significantly more likely to harbor substitutions at position N487 (p6(pol)) (70.4%) than CRF02_AG (39.1%) (p = 0.02). In Gabon, gag and gag-pol cleavage sites were highly polymorphic in protease inhibitor-naive patients harboring non-B HIV-1 strains. In sub-Saharan Africa, further studies are definitively required to better understand the impact of gag mutations among subjects receiving second-line LPV/r-containing regimens (monotherapy or triple combinations)