Luciano Martini (1927–2017)

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A TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF PROFESSOR GIAN PAOLO PESSINA

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Neuroendocrine Alterations in Obese Patients with Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a serious, prevalent condition that has significant morbidity and mortality when untreated. It is strongly associated with obesity and is characterized by changes in the serum levels or secretory patterns of several hormones. Obese patients with OSAS show a reduction of both spontaneous and stimulated growth hormone (GH) secretion coupled to reduced insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and impaired peripheral sensitivity to GH. Hypoxemia and chronic sleep fragmentation could affect the sleep-entrained prolactin (PRL) rhythm. A disrupted Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis activity has been described in OSAS. Some derangement in Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) secretion has been demonstrated by some authors, whereas a normal thyroid activity has been described by others. Changes of gonadal axis are common in patients with OSAS, who frequently show a hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Altogether, hormonal abnormalities may be considered as adaptive changes which indicate how a local upper airway dysfunction induces systemic consequences. The understanding of the complex interactions between hormones and OSAS may allow a multi-disciplinary approach to obese patients with this disturbance and lead to an effective management that improves quality of life and prevents associated morbidity or death

A evolução da integração regional na América Do Sul e a Crise do Mercosul

O presente boletim tem como objetivo central analisar a construção da integração regional na América do Sul. O problema que se busca responder é como ocorreu o processo de paralisia do MERCOSUL. As conclusões parciais da pesquisa apontam que, embora existam fragilidades graves no processo do MERCOSUL, incluindo o problema da orientação da política externa brasileira, o bloco se mantém. Porém, deve-se revisá-lo em seus objetivos.Palavras-chave: integração regional, América do Sul, crise do Mercosul

Aleitamento materno: dificuldades encontradas pelas mulheres e os auxílios e estratégias do enfermeiro diante ao incentivo

The aim was to identify and describe the aids and strategies used by nurses in the first steps of breastfeeding. This is an integrative review carried out in October 2021 in the Virtual Health Library, in the LILACS and BDENF databases. The descriptors Breastfeeding, Infant Health and Nursing associated with the Boolean operator “AND” were used. Eight articles were analyzed. Two categories emerged: Strategies used by nurses to promote breastfeeding in the context of primary care and aids and strategies in breastfeeding in a hospital environment. In primary care, the main results found were the importance of health education and the best opportunity to ask questions, create a bond, bringing greater offer to breastfeeding. While in the hospital environment, the main results were to strengthen the importance of breastfeeding and guide the mother about the correct latch and the difficulties that can be encountered during the puerperium. Such important strategies used by nurses to encourage breastfeeding were evidenced: support for women from the beginning of pregnancy to the postpartum period, encouragement of prenatal consultations, family guidance, creation of bonds, breast milking and actions of Health education.Objetivou-se identificar e descrever os auxílios e estratégias utilizadas pelo enfermeiro nos primeiros passos do aleitamento materno. Trata-se de Revisão integrativa realizada no mês de outubro de 2021 na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, nas bases de dados LILACS e BDENF. Utilizou-se os descritores Aleitamento materno, Saúde do lactente e Enfermagem associados ao operador booleano “AND”. Foram analisados 8 artigos. Levantaram-se, duas categorias: Estratégias utilizadas pelo enfermeiro na promoção do aleitamento materno no âmbito da atenção primária e os auxílios e estratégias no aleitamento materno em âmbito hospitalar.  Na atenção primária, os principais resultados encontrados foram a importância da educação em saúde e a melhor oportunidade de tirar dúvidas, criação de vínculo, trazendo maior oferta ao aleitamento materno. Enquanto em âmbito hospitalar, os principais resultados foram fortalecer a importância do aleitamento materno e orientar a mãe sobre a pega correta e nas dificuldades que podem ser encontradas durante o puerpério. Evidenciou-se tais estratégias importantes utilizadas pelos enfermeiros para o incentivo ao aleitamento materno:  apoio para mulher desde o início da gestação até o pós-parto, incentivo as consultas de pré-natal, orientação familiar, criação de vínculos, ordenha mamária e ações de educação em saúde

Aleitamento materno: dificuldades encontradas pelas mulheres e os auxílios e estratégias do enfermeiro diante ao incentivo

The aim was to identify and describe the aids and strategies used by nurses in the first steps of breastfeeding. This is an integrative review carried out in October 2021 in the Virtual Health Library, in the LILACS and BDENF databases. The descriptors Breastfeeding, Infant Health and Nursing associated with the Boolean operator “AND” were used. Eight articles were analyzed. Two categories emerged: Strategies used by nurses to promote breastfeeding in the context of primary care and aids and strategies in breastfeeding in a hospital environment. In primary care, the main results found were the importance of health education and the best opportunity to ask questions, create a bond, bringing greater offer to breastfeeding. While in the hospital environment, the main results were to strengthen the importance of breastfeeding and guide the mother about the correct latch and the difficulties that can be encountered during the puerperium. Such important strategies used by nurses to encourage breastfeeding were evidenced: support for women from the beginning of pregnancy to the postpartum period, encouragement of prenatal consultations, family guidance, creation of bonds, breast milking and actions of Health education.Objetivou-se identificar e descrever os auxílios e estratégias utilizadas pelo enfermeiro nos primeiros passos do aleitamento materno. Trata-se de Revisão integrativa realizada no mês de outubro de 2021 na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, nas bases de dados LILACS e BDENF. Utilizou-se os descritores Aleitamento materno, Saúde do lactente e Enfermagem associados ao operador booleano “AND”. Foram analisados 8 artigos. Levantaram-se, duas categorias: Estratégias utilizadas pelo enfermeiro na promoção do aleitamento materno no âmbito da atenção primária e os auxílios e estratégias no aleitamento materno em âmbito hospitalar.  Na atenção primária, os principais resultados encontrados foram a importância da educação em saúde e a melhor oportunidade de tirar dúvidas, criação de vínculo, trazendo maior oferta ao aleitamento materno. Enquanto em âmbito hospitalar, os principais resultados foram fortalecer a importância do aleitamento materno e orientar a mãe sobre a pega correta e nas dificuldades que podem ser encontradas durante o puerpério. Evidenciou-se tais estratégias importantes utilizadas pelos enfermeiros para o incentivo ao aleitamento materno:  apoio para mulher desde o início da gestação até o pós-parto, incentivo as consultas de pré-natal, orientação familiar, criação de vínculos, ordenha mamária e ações de educação em saúde

Background choice and immobility as context dependent tadpole responses to perceived predation risk

The association of immobility and camouflage is widespread as a defensive mechanism in prey from varied taxa. However, many experiments assessing the reaction of prey to predator cues are conducted under artificial laboratory conditions. In a previous experiment we observed the tadpoles of Ololygon machadoi (Hylidae) to respond to predator visual and/or chemical cues by choosing backgrounds that improve their disruptive properties, but detected no associated reduction of movement. Here we experimentally demonstrate this response in the species’ natural habitat, on backgrounds where the tadpoles are likely to achieve their best camouflage. We also tested whether previous experiences could influence both background choice and immobility in O. machadoi tadpoles. These novel experimental results suggest that a defensive behavior—i.e., reduction of movement—in these tadpoles is more strongly expressed under the natural conditions where they evolved, compared to laboratory conditions where prey and predator were brought into closer contact. Besides, previous experiences are likely to play an important role in expressed defensive responses

Gamification and early childhood education in the context of the pandemic / Gamificação e educação infantil no contexto da pandemia

This article brings discussions about the characteristics o gamified classes and how they can be inserted in the context of Early Childhood Education. Gamification is a new concept, arising from new technologies associated with education. From this new concept, the teacher can use the concepts of games (games), used on the internet, in daily work in the classroom. When you read the term gamification, it is initially associated with the need for computers, smartphones and other technology-related hardware, but gamification brings a broad concept that can be used in different educational contexts. The general objective of the research, therefore, is to present the concept of gamification and how it can be used in Kindergarten classes. This is a bibliographical, qualitative research that analyzed the theme in question from the material produced and published in Brazil. The research concludes that gamification is an effective and interesting work proposal in Early Childhood Education, capable of bringing significant benefits to children's learning at this stage of schooling.